Bertram he promoted a manufacturing condition: a protectionist policy designed to discourage the export of raw materials, and to stimulate the development in Canada of secondary manufacture in
Bertram*]. Charlton returned in December, his mission foiled by re-emerging protectionist sentiment in both countries. In 1897 Charlton went back to Washington in an unofficial capacity to lobby against
Bertram]. His defence of capital and sawmilling jobs in Ontario proved to be more popular politically than he had expected, but Hardy correctly anticipated pressure from American business and the
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