Important Notices

Copyright/Permission to Reproduce

The biographies on this site, for which the University of Toronto and the Université Laval hold the copyright, and the website are protected by the provisions of the Copyright Act, by Canadian laws, policies and regulations, and by international agreements. Such provisions serve to identify the information source and, in specific instances, to prohibit reproduction of materials without written permission.

Noncommercial Reproduction

Information on this site has been provided with the intent that it be readily available for personal and public noncommercial use and may be reproduced solely for that purpose, in part or in whole and by any means, without charge or further permission from the University of Toronto and the Université Laval. The biographies are provided on the site for personal research or other noncommercial purposes and fees do not apply.

We ask only that:

• users exercise due diligence in ensuring the accuracy of the materials reproduced;
• the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online be identified as the source; and
• the reproduction is not represented as an official version of the materials reproduced, or as having been made in affiliation with or with the endorsement of the University of Toronto and the Université Laval.

Manipulation or modification (digital or otherwise) is expressly forbidden. Translation or reformatting requires written permission from the University of Toronto and the Université Laval. Links can be made freely, but the University of Toronto and the Université Laval are not responsible for the content, accuracy or usefulness of any third party website linked to the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online website. No guarantee or warranty, expressed or implied, is made about the value or stability of the information or links made herein.

Languages

All information on this site is available in both English and French. Users should be aware, however, that some information from external sources is available only in the language in which it was provided.