BERTRAM, ALEXANDER CHARLES, newspaperman, civil servant, and businessman; b. 1852
Bertram*]. Charlton returned in December, his mission foiled by re-emerging protectionist sentiment in both countries. In 1897 Charlton went back to Washington in an unofficial capacity to lobby against
Bertram]. His defence of capital and sawmilling jobs in Ontario proved to be more popular politically than he had expected, but Hardy correctly anticipated pressure from American business and the
Bertram he promoted a manufacturing condition: a protectionist policy designed to discourage the export of raw materials, and to stimulate the development in Canada of secondary manufacture in
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