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  z-index: 94034;
}
.st-1.st-animated {
  -moz-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; -ms-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; -o-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; -webkit-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in;
}
.st-1.st-hidden {
  opacity: 0;
}
.st-1.st-hide {
  display: none;
}
.st-1 .st-btn {
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; -ms-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; -o-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; -webkit-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in;
  -moz-border-radius: 0px;
-webkit-border-radius: 0px;
border-radius: 0px;
  border: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 12px;
  height: 32px;
  line-height: 32px;
  margin-right: 8px;
  padding: 0 10px;
  position: relative;
  text-align: center;
  top: 0;
  vertical-align: top;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.st-1 .st-btn:last-child {
  margin-right: 0;
}
.st-1 .st-btn > svg {
  height: 16px;
  width: 16px;
  position: relative;
  top: 8px;
  vertical-align: top;
}
.st-1 .st-btn > img {
  display: inline-block;
  height: 16px;
  width: 16px;
  position: relative;
  top: 8px;
  vertical-align: top;
}
.st-1 .st-btn > span {
  -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; -ms-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; -o-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; transition: all 0.2s ease-in;
  color: #fff;
  display: inline-block;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
  min-width: 60px;
  opacity: 1;
  padding: 0 6px;
  position: relative;
  vertical-align: top;
}
.st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn {
  min-width: 120px;
}
.st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn.st-remove-label {
  min-width: 50px;
}
.st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn.st-remove-label > span {
  display: none;
}
.st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn.st-hide-label > span {
  display: none;
}
.st-1 .st-total {
  color: #555;
  display: inline-block;
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 12px;
  margin-right: 0;
  max-width: 80px;
  padding: 4px 8px;
  text-align: center;
}
.st-1 .st-total.st-hidden {
  display: none;
}
.st-1 .st-total > span {
  font-size: 16px;
  line-height: 17px;
  display: block;
  padding: 0;
}
.st-1 .st-total > span.st-shares {
  font-size: 9px;
  line-height: 9px;
}
.st-1.st-justified {
  display: flex;
  text-align: center;
}
.st-1.st-justified .st-btn {
  -moz-flex: 1;
-ms-flex: 1;
-webkit-flex: 1;
flex: 1;
}
.st-1 .st-btn:hover {
  opacity: .8;
  top: -4px;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='facebook'] {
  background-color: #4267B2;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='facebook'] svg {
  fill: #fff;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='facebook'] > span {
  color: #fff;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='twitter'] {
  background-color: #55acee;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='twitter'] svg {
  fill: #fff;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='twitter'] > span {
  color: #fff;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
  <!-- WRAPPER -->
  <div id="bootstrap-wrapper" class="dcb-container container-fluid wrapper">
    <!-- START Top nav content -->
    <nav id="nav_main" class="navbar navbar-default navbar-dcb navbar-fixed-top">
      <div class="container-fluid">
        <!-- Brand and toggle get grouped for better mobile display -->
        <div class="navbar-mobile" id="dcb-mobile-1">
          <div class="dropdown show-outline" id="dcb-hamburger-mobile">
            <button id="dlabel" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><i class="fas fa-bars fa-lg"></i></button>
          </div><!--END DROPDOWN-->
        </div>
        <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="dcb-collapse-1">
          <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
            <!--DROPDOWN-->
            <div class="dropdown show-outline" id="hamburger">
              <button id="eLabel" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
                <i class="fas fa-bars fa-lg"></i>
              </button>
            </div><!--END DROPDOWN-->
            <div class="input-group" id="mobile-search">
              <input id="search-2" type="text" class="dcb-search form-control" placeholder="Search" data-brx-ls="template_search"></input>
              <span class="input-group-btn">
                <button data-target="#search-2" class="dcb-search btn btn-default" type="button" data-brx-ls="template_go_mobile">Go</button>
              </span>
            </div><!-- /input-group -->
            <!-- insert#main-menu-items 0 Element 110 -->

            <li class=""><a href="/fr/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=1469" title="Version française">Français</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/en/" title="Home">Home</a></li>
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            <li class=""><a href="/en/contact_us_general.php" title="Contact Us">Contact Us</a></li>
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            <li class=""><a target="_blank" href="https://donate.utoronto.ca/dcb/" title="Donate">Donate</a></li>

            <!-- insert#main-menu-items 1 Element 110 -->
            <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
          </ul>
          <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
            <!--FACEBOOK TWITTER NAVBAR LINKS-->
            <li><a class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter fa-lg" aria-hidden="true" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/dcb_dbc" title="Follow us on Twitter" data-brx-ls="template_follow_twitter"></a></li>
            <li><a class="fab fa-facebook fa-lg" aria-hidden="true" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/dictionaryofcanadianbiography" title="Follow us on Facebook" data-brx-ls="template_follow_facebook"></a></li>
            <!--
            <li><a href="javascript:void(0)" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:0" class="topmenu-login-no" onclick="return showLogin();" title="Log in to My DCB" data-brx-ls="template_login">Log In</a></li>
            <li><a href="javascript:void(0)" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:0" class="topmenu-login-no" onclick="return ajaxRegister();" title="Register for free for My DCB: you can save biographies and searches to a personal list" data-brx-ls="template_register">Register</a></li>
            <li><a href="javascript:void(0)" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:1" onclick="return ajaxLogout();" title="Log out of My DCB" data-brx-ls="template_logout">Log out</a></li>
            <li><a href="/en/mydcb/" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:1" class="topmenu-login-yes" title="Your personal page, where you can save favourite biographies and searches" data-brx-ls="template_my_dcb">My DCB</a></li>
            -->
          </ul>
        </div><!-- /.navbar-collapse -->
      </div><!-- /.container-fluid -->
    </nav>
    <!-- END Top nav content -->

    <!-- START Header content -->
    <div id="row-top-section" class="container-fluid">
      <div class="row" id="row-breadcrumbs">
        <div id="breadcrumbs" class="col-sm-12" data-brx-ls="template_breadcrumbs">Breadcrumbs</div>
      </div>
      <!-- jtk 7-apr-2019 reader-mode -->
      <div class="row reader-mode" id="row-logo">
        <div class="col-sm-7" id="col-logo">
          <a href="/en/" data-brx-ls="template_home" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography"><img class="responsive" alt="Dictionary of Canadian Biography" src="/img/dcb_en.svg" data-brx-ls="template_home"></a>
        </div>
        <div class="col-sm-5" id="col-search">
          <div class="container-fluid">
            <div class="row" id="search">
              <input type="text" id="simple-search" class="dcb-search simple-input" placeholder="Search" data-brx-ls="template_search"></input>
              <span data-target="#simple-search" class="dcb-search btn-lg glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right" id="search_go"></span>
            </div>
            <div class="row">
              <div class="float-right" id="tools">
                <!-- start standard tools menu -->
                <nav class="navbar navbar-tools navbar navbar-default">
                  <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar">
                    <li><a href="/en/browse.php" title="Browse content by category" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_browse"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-th-list"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_browse_span">Browse</span></a></li>
                    <li><a href="/en/search.php" title="Use options such as Boolean operators and limiters" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_search"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_search_span">Advanced Search</span></a></li>
                    <li><a href="javascript:void(1);" onclick="return startReaderMode();" title="“Reader mode” hides everything but the navigation bar and the footer. To return to regular mode, click on &quot;Exit reader mode&quot; at top left." data-brx-ls="template_navtools_reader"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_reader_span">Reader Mode</span></a></li>
                    <li><a href="javascript:void(1);" onclick="return printDocument();" title="Printer-friendly" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_print"> <span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-print"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_print_span">Printer-friendly</span></a></li>
                  </ul>
                </nav>
                <!-- end standard tools menu -->
              </div><!-- #tools -->
            </div><!-- .row -->
          </div><!-- .container-fluid -->
        </div><!-- #col-search -->
      </div><!-- #row-logo -->
    </div><!-- #row-top-section -->
    <!-- END Header content -->

    <!-- Element 111 112 113 -->
    <div style="display:none;" id="announcements" class="row alert-warning col-sm-12 announcements" data-brx-dyn="ajax:content:/en/ajax/announcements.php">
    </div>

    <div id="content-container" class="container-fluid">
      <div class="row mobile-logo">
        <div class="col-md-12">
          <!-- Element 114 115 -->
          <a href="/en/"><img src="/img/dcb_en_sm.svg" alt="mobile"></a>
        </div>
        <div class="col-md-12 .bio-jump">
          <!-- insert#jump-link 0 element 116 -->
          
          <!-- insert#jump-link 1 element 116 -->
        </div>
        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
      </div>
      <div class="row">
        <!-- jtk 7-apr-2019 -->
        <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-lg-3 col-xl-2 content-left reader-mode" id="sidebar">
          <div id="sidebar-inner">
            <nav class="dcb-generic-sidebar">
              <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">
                <div class="row sidebar-dropdown-extra">
                  <input type="text" id="nav-search" class="dcb-search simple-input" placeholder="Search" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_search"></input>
                  <span data-target="#nav-search" class="dcb-search btn-lg glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right" id="nav-search_go"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="row sidebar-french-home sidebar-dropdown-extra">
                  <!-- custom:dynamic_feed_6:mobile_menu Element 120 -->
                  <!-- insert#mobile-menu-items 0 Element 120 -->

                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/fr/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=1469" title="Version française"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Français</button></a>
                    </div>

                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/en/" title="Home"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Home</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/en/news_feed.html" title="News"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">News</button></a>
                    </div>

                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/en/about_us.php" title="About Us"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">About Us</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/en/contact_us_general.php" title="Contact Us"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Contact Us</button></a>
                    </div>

                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/en/contact_us_newsletter.php" title="Subscribe"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Subscribe</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a target="_blank" href="https://donate.utoronto.ca/dcb/" title="Donate"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Donate</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <!-- insert#mobile-menu-items 1 Element 120 -->
                  <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                </div>
                <!-- sidebar-inner -->

                <!-- nav-OUTLINE -->

                <!-- Element 550. section-* tags are used to set style to display:none; if the section is not used for the page.  -->
                <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">
                    <li role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#outline-description content#outline-caption element 131 132 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-outline-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title="Outline">Outline</a>
                      <div id="bio-outline-sidenav" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">

                        <!--
                        listgroup syntax :: listgroup:data_source:format

                        format parameter may be all, start, end, li

                        Regardless of format, each generates list items from data_source. Formats allow us to construct a single list group from multiple sources, to add custom li elements

                        all prints <ul class="list-group"> then the items then </ul>
                        start -> ul, li0...liN, end-> li0...liN, /ul
                        li -> just li0...liN

                        -->
                        <!-- insert#outline-content 0 Element 130 -->

                        <!-- insert#outline-content 1 Element 130 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} simple --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #bio-outline-sidenav -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!-- END nav-OUTLINE -->
                <!-- <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey"> -->
                <section style="display:none;">
                  <!-- insert#outline-full-html 0 Element 130 -->

                  <!-- insert#outline-full-html 1 Element 130 -->
                </section>
                <!-- </nav> -->

                <!--JANUARY 18 2021 JB -->
                <!-- nav THEMES -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#bio-special-description content#bio-special-caption Element 141 142 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-special-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="bio-special-sidenav" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 140 -->
                        <!-- insert#bio-special-list 0 Element 140 -->

                        <!-- insert#bio-special-list 1 Element 140 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #bio-special-sidenav -->
                    </li>

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#bio-topics-description content#bio-topics-caption Element 151 152 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-related-topics-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="bio-related-topics-sidenav" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 150 -->
                        <!-- insert#bio-topics-list 0 Element 150 -->

                        <!-- insert#bio-topics-list 1 Element 150 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #bio-related-topics-sidenav -->
                    </li>

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#related-bios-description content#related-bios-caption Element 161 162 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-related-bios-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="bio-related-bios-sidenav" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 160 -->
                        <!-- insert#related-bios-list 0 Element 160 -->

                        <!-- insert#related-bios-list 1 Element 160 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #bio-related-topics-sidenav -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!--END nav THEMES -->


                <!-- nav PUBLICATION  -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <nav style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-1" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">

                    <li role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#bio-history-description content#bio-history-caption Element 171 172 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-1" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title=""></a>
                      <div id="doc-history-1" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 170 -->
                        <!-- insert#bio-history-list 0 Element 170 -->

                        <!-- insert#bio-history-list 1 Element 170 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / # -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!--END nav PUBLICATION -->

                <!-- nav metadata  -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <nav style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2-identifiers" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#metadata-identifiers-description content#metadata-identifiers-caption Element 181 182 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-2-identifiers" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="doc-history-2-identifiers" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 180 -->
                        <!-- insert#metadata-identifiers-list 0 Element 180 -->

                        <!-- insert#metadata-identifiers-list 1 Element 180 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / # -->
                    </li>

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2-birth" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#metadata-birth-description content#metadata-birth-caption Element 191 192 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-2-birth" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="doc-history-2-birth" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 190 -->
                        <!-- insert#metadata-birth-list 0 Element 190 -->

                        <!-- insert#metadata-birth-list 1 Element 190 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / # -->
                    </li>

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2-activity" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#metadata-activity-description content#metadata-activity-caption Element 201 202 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-2-activity" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="doc-history-2-activity" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 200 -->
                        <!-- insert#metadata-activity-list 0 Element 200 -->

                        <!-- insert#metadata-activity-list 1 Element 200 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / # -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!--END nav metadata -->

                <!-- nav SOCIAL 1 -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <div class="row" style="display:none;" id="sidebar-social-1">
                  <div class="col-md-12 share-this">
                    <div class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons st-center st-lang-en st-has-labels st-inline-share-buttons st-animated st-1">
                      <div class="st-btn st-first" data-network="facebook" style="display: inline-block;">
                        <img alt="facebook sharing button" src="/img/facebook.svg">
                        <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_facebook">Share</span>
                      </div><!-- .st-btn -->
                      <div class="st-btn st-last" data-network="twitter" style="display: inline-block;">
                        <img alt="twitter sharing button" src="/img/twitter.svg">
                        <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_twitter">Tweet</span>
                      </div><!-- .st-btn -->
                    </div><!-- .sharethis-inline-share-buttons -->
                  </div><!-- .col-md-12 .share-this -->
                </div><!-- .row -->
                <!-- END nav SOCIAL 1 -->

                <!-- nav RED -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <nav style="" id="sidebar-main-menu" class="dcb-generic-sidebar dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-red">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">
                    <li role="presentation"><a href="/en/new_biographies.html" title="New Biographies" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_new_bios">New Biographies</a></li>
                    <li role="presentation"><a href="/en/updated_biographies.html" title="Minor Corrections" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_updated_bios">Minor Corrections</a></li>
                    <li role="presentation">
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#panelBioOfTheDay" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title="Read the story of a subject who died or was born on this day" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_botd">Biography of the Day</a>
                      <div id="panelBioOfTheDay" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">
                        <div class="dcb-image-panel dcb-panel panel">
                          <div class="panel-body">
                            <div class="botd-dynamic feed-item-sidebar" data-brx-dyn="ajax:content:/en/ajax/botd.php">
                              <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                            </div><!--feed-item-sidebar-->
                            <div class="see-all">
                              <strong><a href="/en/bio_of_the_day.html" class="see-all" title="See all previous entries for Biography of the Day" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_botd_all">See previous</a></strong>
                            </div><!--see-all-->
                          </div><!-- .panel-body -->
                        </div><!-- .dcb-image-panel .dcb-panel .panel -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #panelBioOfTheDay -->
                    </li>
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                      <!-- title#special-project-description content#special-project-caption Element 211 212 -->
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          <h1>British North America Act (1867)</h1>
          <p>The work begun at the Charlottetown and Quebec City conferences of 1864 was completed at a third conference in London. Between early December 1866 and early February 1867, the Canadian delegates met with representatives of the imperial government to prepare the British North America Act, which was passed on 29 March 1867 and came into effect on 1 July 1867. The act codified the federation of the Canadas with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It was, declared Thomas D’Arcy McGee in the House of Commons on 14 November 1867, “the first Constitution ever given to a mixed people, in which the conscientious rights of the minority are made a subject of formal guarantee.”</p>
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            <a target="_blank" href='http://web.archive.org/web/20191126184734/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-3010.09-e.html' title='British North America Act'><span><img src='/img/placeholder_generic_w50.jpg'></span></a>
            <a target="_blank" href='http://web.archive.org/web/20191126184734/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/confederation/023001-3010.09-e.html' title='British North America Act'>British North America Act</a>.

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            <a target="_blank" href='https://www.mysteriesofcanada.com/canada/british-north-america-act/' title='British North America Act of 1867 - Canada Constitution Act'>British North America Act of 1867 - Canada Constitution Act</a>
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            <a target="_blank" href='http://web.archive.org/web/20210923101940/https://www.ourcommons.ca/About/HistoryArtsArchitecture/heritage_spaces/chamber/stone/bna-e.htm' title='British North America Act series - History, Arts and Architecture - House of Commons'>British North America Act series - History, Arts and Architecture - House of Commons</a>.

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            <a target="_blank" href='https://www.britannica.com/event/British-North-America-Act' title='British North America Act | United Kingdom [1867] | Britannica.com'>British North America Act | United Kingdom [1867] | Britannica.com</a>
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            <a target="_blank" href='http://www.canadahistoryproject.ca/1867/1867-12-bna-act.html' title='Canada A Country by Consent: Confederation: BNA Act 1867'>Canada A Country by Consent: Confederation: BNA Act 1867</a>
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            <a target="_blank" href='http://web.archive.org/web/20241220084325/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/constitution-act-1867' title='Constitution Act, 1867 - The Canadian Encyclopedia'>Constitution Act, 1867 - The Canadian Encyclopedia</a>.

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    <script charset="utf-8" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/owl.carousel.min.js"></script>
    -->
    <script charset="utf-8" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/owl.carousel.min.js"></script>

    <!-- todo update facebook code -->
    <style type="text/css">.fb_hidden{position:absolute;top:-10000px;z-index:10001}.fb_reposition{overflow:hidden;position:relative}.fb_invisible{display:none}.fb_reset{background:none;border:0;border-spacing:0;color:#000;cursor:auto;direction:ltr;font-family:"lucida grande", tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;margin:0;overflow:visible;padding:0;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0;text-shadow:none;text-transform:none;visibility:visible;white-space:normal;word-spacing:normal}.fb_reset>div{overflow:hidden}@keyframes fb_transform{from{opacity:0;transform:scale(.95)}to{opacity:1;transform:scale(1)}}.fb_animate{animation:fb_transform .3s forwards} .fb_dialog{background:rgba(82, 82, 82, 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0}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{visibility:hidden}#fb_dialog_loader_spinner{animation:rotateSpinner 1.2s linear infinite;background-color:transparent;background-image:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yD/r/t-wz8gw1xG1.png);background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;height:24px;width:24px}@keyframes rotateSpinner{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}} .fb_iframe_widget{display:inline-block;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget span{display:inline-block;position:relative;text-align:justify}.fb_iframe_widget iframe{position:absolute}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop span,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{max-width:100%}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{min-width:220px;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget_lift{z-index:1}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid{display:inline}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid span{width:100%}</style>

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    <!-- insert#share-this-link 0 element 044 (moved from header) -->
    
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    <!-- src#page_script_src, page-specific script. Element 031 (moved from header to here) -->
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/public_page_topics_match_list.js?time=1729526934"></script>

    <!-- #insert#page-scripts 0 Element 041 (moved from header to here) -->
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        var m_languageId = '1';
        var m_title = "British North America Act (1867)";
        var m_url_pch = 'http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1266037002102/1265993639778';
        var m_url_ut = 'http://www.utoronto.ca/';
        var m_url_ul = 'http://www2.ulaval.ca/en/';
        var m_loggedIn = '';

        // BasePublicHelper variables
        var m_pageId = 'public_page_topics_match_list';
        var m_pageIdIsUnique = '';


        $(document).ready(function() {

            // here:getJavascriptOnReady
            renderBreadcrumbs();
        });
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    <!-- #insert#page-scripts 1 Element 041 -->

<script>
  var affixSettings = {
    offset: {
      top: 100,
      bottom: function() {
        return (this.bottom = $('.footer').outerHeight(true))
      }
    }
  };

   $('#myAffix').affix(affixSettings);
</script>

<!--LIGHT GALLERY -->
<script src="/js/prettify.js"></script>


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     recent   <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/picturefill/3.0.3/picturefill.min.js" integrity="sha512-Nh/FthCqOFq56kGp1DsNb6GKK29iIv2ZJc7Fylln1WRrWpeE5LjSBWeAp61dkBASDxZT12aL9mZyIrhsAqgRpw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
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<!-- missing jtk-2020-01-a
<script src="/js/video.js?id=1001"></script>
-->
<script src="/js/transition.js"></script>

<!--
if link is replace locally on update. restore it to:
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  replace <script src="/js/lg-autoplay.js?id=<?=$version?>"></script>
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-->
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    <!-- insert#header-post-js 0 Element 043 -->

    <!-- insert#header-post-js 1 Element 043 -->

<!--
  replace <script src="/js/demos.js?id=<?=$version?>"></script>
  with nothing
  but if it turns out to be required with
-->


<!--BACK TO TOP -->


<!--
<div id="reader-mode-toast" class="alert alert-info"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-arrow-up"></span><?=$reader_caption?></div>
-->
<!-- Element 510 -->
<div id="reader-mode-exit"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary reader-mode-exit">Exit reader mode</button></div>
<!--AFFIX-->
</body>
</html>