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.fb_dialog{background:rgba(82, 82, 82, .7);position:absolute;top:-10000px;z-index:10001}.fb_dialog_advanced{border-radius:8px;padding:10px}.fb_dialog_content{background:#fff;color:#373737}.fb_dialog_close_icon{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;cursor:pointer;display:block;height:15px;position:absolute;right:18px;top:17px;width:15px}.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{left:5px;right:auto;top:5px}.fb_dialog_padding{background-color:transparent;position:absolute;width:1px;z-index:-1}.fb_dialog_close_icon:hover{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 -15px transparent}.fb_dialog_close_icon:active{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 -30px transparent}.fb_dialog_iframe{line-height:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title{background:#6d84b4;border:1px solid #365899;color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;margin:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title>span{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yd/r/Cou7n-nqK52.gif) no-repeat 5px 50%;float:left;padding:5px 0 7px 26px}body.fb_hidden{height:100%;left:0;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:absolute;top:-10000px;transform:none;width:100%}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/ya/r/3rhSv5V8j3o.gif) white no-repeat 50% 50%;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:10001}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered{background:none;height:auto;min-height:initial;min-width:initial;width:auto}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_spinner{width:100%}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered .fb_dialog_content{background:none}.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_close{clear:both;color:#fff;display:block;font-size:18px;padding-top:20px}#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay{background:rgba(0, 0, 0, .4);bottom:0;left:0;min-height:100%;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%;z-index:10000}#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay.hidden{display:none}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading iframe{visibility:hidden}.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_iframe{position:sticky;top:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header{background:linear-gradient(from(#738aba), to(#2c4987));border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:#043b87;box-shadow:white 0 1px 1px -1px inset;color:#fff;font:bold 14px Helvetica, sans-serif;text-overflow:ellipsis;text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header table{height:43px;width:100%}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_left{font-size:12px;padding-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:60px}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_right{font-size:12px;padding-right:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:60px}.fb_dialog_content .touchable_button{background:linear-gradient(from(#4267B2), to(#2a4887));background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #29487d;border-radius:3px;display:inline-block;line-height:18px;margin-top:3px;max-width:85px;padding:4px 12px;position:relative}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .touchable_button input{background:none;border:none;color:#fff;font:bold 12px Helvetica, sans-serif;margin:2px -12px;padding:2px 6px 3px 6px;text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .header_center{color:#fff;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;line-height:18px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_content{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/y9/r/jKEcVPZFk-2.gif) no-repeat 50% 50%;border:1px solid #4a4a4a;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;height:150px}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_footer{background:#f5f6f7;border:1px solid #4a4a4a;border-top-color:#ccc;height:40px}#fb_dialog_loader_close{float:left}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_button{text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{visibility:hidden}#fb_dialog_loader_spinner{animation:rotateSpinner 1.2s linear infinite;background-color:transparent;background-image:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yD/r/t-wz8gw1xG1.png);background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;height:24px;width:24px}@keyframes rotateSpinner{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}
.fb_iframe_widget{display:inline-block;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget span{display:inline-block;position:relative;text-align:justify}.fb_iframe_widget iframe{position:absolute}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop span,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{max-width:100%}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{min-width:220px;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget_lift{z-index:1}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid{display:inline}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid span{width:100%}</style><style type="text/css">.st-1 {
  font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;;
  direction: ltr;
  display: block;
  opacity: 1;
  text-align: center;
  z-index: 94034;
}
.st-1.st-animated {
  -moz-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; -ms-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; -o-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; -webkit-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in;
}
.st-1.st-hidden {
  opacity: 0;
}
.st-1.st-hide {
  display: none;
}
.st-1 .st-btn {
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; -ms-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; -o-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; -webkit-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in;
  -moz-border-radius: 0px;
-webkit-border-radius: 0px;
border-radius: 0px;
  border: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 12px;
  height: 32px;
  line-height: 32px;
  margin-right: 8px;
  padding: 0 10px;
  position: relative;
  text-align: center;
  top: 0;
  vertical-align: top;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.st-1 .st-btn:last-child {
  margin-right: 0;
}
.st-1 .st-btn > svg {
  height: 16px;
  width: 16px;
  position: relative;
  top: 8px;
  vertical-align: top;
}
.st-1 .st-btn > img {
  display: inline-block;
  height: 16px;
  width: 16px;
  position: relative;
  top: 8px;
  vertical-align: top;
}
.st-1 .st-btn > span {
  -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; -ms-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; -o-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; transition: all 0.2s ease-in;
  color: #fff;
  display: inline-block;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
  min-width: 60px;
  opacity: 1;
  padding: 0 6px;
  position: relative;
  vertical-align: top;
}
.st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn {
  min-width: 120px;
}
.st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn.st-remove-label {
  min-width: 50px;
}
.st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn.st-remove-label > span {
  display: none;
}
.st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn.st-hide-label > span {
  display: none;
}
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  color: #555;
  display: inline-block;
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 12px;
  margin-right: 0;
  max-width: 80px;
  padding: 4px 8px;
  text-align: center;
}
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  display: none;
}
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  font-size: 16px;
  line-height: 17px;
  display: block;
  padding: 0;
}
.st-1 .st-total > span.st-shares {
  font-size: 9px;
  line-height: 9px;
}
.st-1.st-justified {
  display: flex;
  text-align: center;
}
.st-1.st-justified .st-btn {
  -moz-flex: 1;
-ms-flex: 1;
-webkit-flex: 1;
flex: 1;
}
.st-1 .st-btn:hover {
  opacity: .8;
  top: -4px;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='facebook'] {
  background-color: #4267B2;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='facebook'] svg {
  fill: #fff;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='facebook'] > span {
  color: #fff;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='twitter'] {
  background-color: #55acee;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='twitter'] svg {
  fill: #fff;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='twitter'] > span {
  color: #fff;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
  <!-- WRAPPER -->
  <div id="bootstrap-wrapper" class="dcb-container container-fluid wrapper">
    <!-- START Top nav content -->
    <nav id="nav_main" class="navbar navbar-default navbar-dcb navbar-fixed-top">
      <div class="container-fluid">
        <!-- Brand and toggle get grouped for better mobile display -->
        <div class="navbar-mobile" id="dcb-mobile-1">
          <div class="dropdown show-outline" id="dcb-hamburger-mobile">
            <button id="dlabel" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><i class="fas fa-bars fa-lg"></i></button>
          </div><!--END DROPDOWN-->
        </div>
        <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="dcb-collapse-1">
          <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
            <!--DROPDOWN-->
            <div class="dropdown show-outline" id="hamburger">
              <button id="eLabel" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
                <i class="fas fa-bars fa-lg"></i>
              </button>
            </div><!--END DROPDOWN-->
            <div class="input-group" id="mobile-search">
              <input id="search-2" type="text" class="dcb-search form-control" placeholder="Recherche" data-brx-ls="template_search"></input>
              <span class="input-group-btn">
                <button data-target="#search-2" class="dcb-search btn btn-default" type="button" data-brx-ls="template_go_mobile">Chercher</button>
              </span>
            </div><!-- /input-group -->
            <!-- insert#main-menu-items 0 Element 110 -->

            <li class=""><a href="/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=1570" title="English Version">English</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/fr/" title="Accueil">Accueil</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/fr/fil_de_nouvelles.html" title="Nouvelles">Nouvelles</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/fr/a_notre_sujet.php" title="À notre sujet">À notre sujet</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/fr/contactez_nous_general.php" title="Contactez-nous">Contactez-nous</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/fr/contactez_nous_infolettre.php" title="Infolettre">Infolettre</a></li>
            <li class=""><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ulaval.ca/fondation/faire-un-don/fonds.html?fonds=280&recherche=dictionnaire%2Bbiographi" title="Faire un don">Faire un don</a></li>

            <!-- insert#main-menu-items 1 Element 110 -->
            <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
          </ul>
          <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
            <!--FACEBOOK TWITTER NAVBAR LINKS-->
            <li><a class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter fa-lg" aria-hidden="true" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/dbc_dcb" title="Suivez-nous sur Twitter" data-brx-ls="template_follow_twitter"></a></li>
            <li><a class="fab fa-facebook fa-lg" aria-hidden="true" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/dictionnairebiographiqueducanada" title="Suivez-nous sur Facebook" data-brx-ls="template_follow_facebook"></a></li>
            <!--
            <li><a href="javascript:void(0)" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:0" class="topmenu-login-no" onclick="return showLogin();" title="Log in to My DCB" data-brx-ls="template_login">Log In</a></li>
            <li><a href="javascript:void(0)" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:0" class="topmenu-login-no" onclick="return ajaxRegister();" title="Register for free for My DCB: you can save biographies and searches to a personal list" data-brx-ls="template_register">Register</a></li>
            <li><a href="javascript:void(0)" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:1" onclick="return ajaxLogout();" title="Log out of My DCB" data-brx-ls="template_logout">Log out</a></li>
            <li><a href="/en/mydcb/" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:1" class="topmenu-login-yes" title="Your personal page, where you can save favourite biographies and searches" data-brx-ls="template_my_dcb">My DCB</a></li>
            -->
          </ul>
        </div><!-- /.navbar-collapse -->
      </div><!-- /.container-fluid -->
    </nav>
    <!-- END Top nav content -->

    <!-- START Header content -->
    <div id="row-top-section" class="container-fluid">
      <div class="row" id="row-breadcrumbs">
        <div id="breadcrumbs" class="col-sm-12" data-brx-ls="template_breadcrumbs">Chemin de navigation</div>
      </div>
      <!-- jtk 7-apr-2019 reader-mode -->
      <div class="row reader-mode" id="row-logo">
        <div class="col-sm-7" id="col-logo">
          <a href="/fr/" data-brx-ls="template_home" title="Dictionnaire biographique du Canada"><img class="responsive" alt="Dictionnaire biographique du Canada" src="/img/dcb_fr.svg" data-brx-ls="template_home"></a>
        </div>
        <div class="col-sm-5" id="col-search">
          <div class="container-fluid">
            <div class="row" id="search">
              <input type="text" id="simple-search" class="dcb-search simple-input" placeholder="Recherche" data-brx-ls="template_search"></input>
              <span data-target="#simple-search" class="dcb-search btn-lg glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right" id="search_go"></span>
            </div>
            <div class="row">
              <div class="float-right" id="tools">
                <!-- start standard tools menu -->
                <nav class="navbar navbar-tools navbar navbar-default">
                  <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar">
                    <li><a href="/fr/explorer.php" title="Explorer le contenu par catégories" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_browse"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-th-list"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_browse_span">Explorer</span></a></li>
                    <li><a href="/fr/recherche.php" title="Utiliser des fonctions avancées telles que les opérateurs booléens et les limiteurs de champs" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_search"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_search_span">Recherche avancée</span></a></li>
                    <li><a href="javascript:void(1);" onclick="return startReaderMode();" title="En mode lecture, vous ne voyez que la barre de navigation et le bas de page. Pour revenir au mode par défaut, cliquez sur Sortir du mode lecture, en haut à gauche." data-brx-ls="template_navtools_reader"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_reader_span">Mode lecture</span></a></li>
                    <li><a href="javascript:void(1);" onclick="return printDocument();" title="Version imprimable" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_print"> <span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-print"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_print_span">Version imprimable</span></a></li>
                  </ul>
                </nav>
                <!-- end standard tools menu -->
              </div><!-- #tools -->
            </div><!-- .row -->
          </div><!-- .container-fluid -->
        </div><!-- #col-search -->
      </div><!-- #row-logo -->
    </div><!-- #row-top-section -->
    <!-- END Header content -->

    <!-- Element 111 112 113 -->
    <div style="display:none;" id="announcements" class="row alert-warning col-sm-12 announcements" data-brx-dyn="ajax:content:/fr/ajax/announcements.php">
    </div>

    <div id="content-container" class="container-fluid">
      <div class="row mobile-logo">
        <div class="col-md-12">
          <!-- Element 114 115 -->
          <a href="/fr/"><img src="/img/dcb_fr_sm.svg" alt="mobile"></a>
        </div>
        <div class="col-md-12 .bio-jump">
          <!-- insert#jump-link 0 element 116 -->
          
          <!-- insert#jump-link 1 element 116 -->
        </div>
        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
      </div>
      <div class="row">
        <!-- jtk 7-apr-2019 -->
        <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-lg-3 col-xl-2 content-left reader-mode" id="sidebar">
          <div id="sidebar-inner">
            <nav class="dcb-generic-sidebar">
              <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">
                <div class="row sidebar-dropdown-extra">
                  <input type="text" id="nav-search" class="dcb-search simple-input" placeholder="Recherche" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_search"></input>
                  <span data-target="#nav-search" class="dcb-search btn-lg glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right" id="nav-search_go"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="row sidebar-french-home sidebar-dropdown-extra">
                  <!-- custom:dynamic_feed_6:mobile_menu Element 120 -->
                  <!-- insert#mobile-menu-items 0 Element 120 -->

                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=1570" title="English Version"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">English</button></a>
                    </div>

                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/fr/" title="Accueil"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Accueil</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/fr/fil_de_nouvelles.html" title="Nouvelles"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Nouvelles</button></a>
                    </div>

                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/fr/a_notre_sujet.php" title="À notre sujet"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">À notre sujet</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/fr/contactez_nous_general.php" title="Contactez-nous"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Contactez-nous</button></a>
                    </div>

                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/fr/contactez_nous_infolettre.php" title="Infolettre"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Infolettre</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ulaval.ca/fondation/faire-un-don/fonds.html?fonds=280&recherche=dictionnaire%2Bbiographi" title="Faire un don"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Faire un don</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <!-- insert#mobile-menu-items 1 Element 120 -->
                  <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                </div>
                <!-- sidebar-inner -->

                <!-- nav-OUTLINE -->

                <!-- Element 550. section-* tags are used to set style to display:none; if the section is not used for the page.  -->
                <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">
                    <li role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#outline-description content#outline-caption element 131 132 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-outline-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title="Sommaire">Sommaire</a>
                      <div id="bio-outline-sidenav" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">

                        <!--
                        listgroup syntax :: listgroup:data_source:format

                        format parameter may be all, start, end, li

                        Regardless of format, each generates list items from data_source. Formats allow us to construct a single list group from multiple sources, to add custom li elements

                        all prints <ul class="list-group"> then the items then </ul>
                        start -> ul, li0...liN, end-> li0...liN, /ul
                        li -> just li0...liN

                        -->
                        <!-- insert#outline-content 0 Element 130 -->

                        <!-- insert#outline-content 1 Element 130 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} simple --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #bio-outline-sidenav -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!-- END nav-OUTLINE -->
                <!-- <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey"> -->
                <section style="display:none;">
                  <!-- insert#outline-full-html 0 Element 130 -->

                  <!-- insert#outline-full-html 1 Element 130 -->
                </section>
                <!-- </nav> -->

                <!--JANUARY 18 2021 JB -->
                <!-- nav THEMES -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#bio-special-description content#bio-special-caption Element 141 142 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-special-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="bio-special-sidenav" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 140 -->
                        <!-- insert#bio-special-list 0 Element 140 -->

                        <!-- insert#bio-special-list 1 Element 140 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #bio-special-sidenav -->
                    </li>

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
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          <h1>Traités d’Utrecht (1713)</h1>
          <p><p>
	Au printemps de 1713, les trait&eacute;s d&rsquo;Utrecht mirent fin &agrave; la guerre de Succession d&rsquo;Espagne. La France fut forc&eacute;e de c&eacute;der la baie d&rsquo;Hudson, l&rsquo;Acadie et Terre-Neuve aux Anglais, ainsi que le droit de commercer directement avec les Premi&egrave;res Nations de l&rsquo;Ouest. Les fronti&egrave;res de l&rsquo;Acadie ne furent pas bien d&eacute;limit&eacute;es, ce qui donna lieu plus tard &agrave; d&rsquo;interminables controverses entre la France et l&rsquo;Angleterre. Ces trait&eacute;s d&eacute;sastreux amorc&egrave;rent la d&eacute;molition de l&rsquo;empire fran&ccedil;ais. Vaincue en Europe, la France sacrifia l&rsquo;Am&eacute;rique.</p>
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          <h2>Autres ressources</h2>
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            <a target="_blank" href='http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/en-francais/exploration/traite-utrecht.php' title='Le trait&amp;eacute; d&#039;Utrecht'>Le trait&eacute; d'Utrecht</a>
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            <a target="_blank" href='http://web.archive.org/web/20241112231250/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/traite-dutrecht' title='Trait&eacute; d&#039;Utrecht - l&#039;Encyclop&eacute;die Canadienne'>Traité d'Utrecht - l'Encyclopédie Canadienne</a>.

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            <a target="_blank" href='http://web.archive.org/web/20240131214249/https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/Utrecht-1713-FR-GB.htm' title='Trait&eacute; d&#039;Utrecht de 1713 entre la France et la Grande-Bretagne'><span><img src='/img/placeholder_generic_w50.jpg'></span></a>
            <a target="_blank" href='http://web.archive.org/web/20240131214249/https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/europe/Utrecht-1713-FR-GB.htm' title='Trait&eacute; d&#039;Utrecht de 1713 entre la France et la Grande-Bretagne'>Traité d'Utrecht de 1713 entre la France et la Grande-Bretagne</a>.

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        Compiled and minified JavaScript for jquery, jquery-ui and bootstrap
        js load order: jquery.min.js, jquery-ui.js, bootstrap.min.js

        with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-jGsMH83oKe9asCpkOVkBnUrDDTp8wl+adkB2D+//JtlxO4SrLoJdhbOysIFQJloQFD+C4Fl1rMsQZF76JjV0eQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

        with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.js" integrity="sha512-uto9mlQzrs59VwILcLiRYeLKPPbS/bT71da/OEBYEwcdNUk8jYIy+D176RYoop1Da+f9mvkYrmj5MCLZWEtQuA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

        with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-easing/1.3/jquery.easing.min.js" integrity="sha512-ahmSZKApTDNd3gVuqL5TQ3MBTj8tL5p2tYV05Xxzcfu6/ecvt1A0j6tfudSGBVuteSoTRMqMljbfdU0g2eDNUA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

        replace bootstrap.min.js
        with <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
    -->
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-jGsMH83oKe9asCpkOVkBnUrDDTp8wl+adkB2D+//JtlxO4SrLoJdhbOysIFQJloQFD+C4Fl1rMsQZF76JjV0eQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.js" integrity="sha512-uto9mlQzrs59VwILcLiRYeLKPPbS/bT71da/OEBYEwcdNUk8jYIy+D176RYoop1Da+f9mvkYrmj5MCLZWEtQuA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-easing/1.3/jquery.easing.min.js" integrity="sha512-ahmSZKApTDNd3gVuqL5TQ3MBTj8tL5p2tYV05Xxzcfu6/ecvt1A0j6tfudSGBVuteSoTRMqMljbfdU0g2eDNUA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>

    <!-- todo what is this
    <iframe id="pxcelframe" style="display: none;" src="t_.html"></iframe>
    <script async="" src="/js/5e1c80aec17cd7001217700d.js"></script>
    <script id="facebook-jssdk" src="/js/all_002.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/all.js"></script>
    -->

    <!-- add base javascript. required for all or most -->
    <!-- querystring#?time=#javascript_time Element 021 -->
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/js_strings.js?time=1729526930"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/modernizr-3.6.js?time=1729526930"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/shared-base.js?time=1729526930"></script>

    <!-- for all: jquery 3.3.7 -->
    <!-- why jtk-2020-01-a
    <iframe id="pxcelframe" style="display: none;" src="t_.html">
    </iframe>
    -->

    <!-- todo update google code -->
    <script type="text/javascript">
        var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www.");
        document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));
    </script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        try {
            var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-25429501-1");
            pageTracker._trackPageview();
        } catch (err) {
        }
    </script>

    <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) -->
    <script async="None" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HJG3WCKTF7"></script>
    <script>
      window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
      function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
      gtag('js', new Date());

      gtag('config', 'G-HJG3WCKTF7');
    </script>


    <script charset="utf-8" src="/js/button.js"></script>
    <!--
    <script charset="utf-8" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/owl.carousel.min.js"></script>
    -->
    <script charset="utf-8" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/owl.carousel.min.js"></script>

    <!-- todo update facebook code -->
    <style type="text/css">.fb_hidden{position:absolute;top:-10000px;z-index:10001}.fb_reposition{overflow:hidden;position:relative}.fb_invisible{display:none}.fb_reset{background:none;border:0;border-spacing:0;color:#000;cursor:auto;direction:ltr;font-family:"lucida grande", tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;margin:0;overflow:visible;padding:0;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0;text-shadow:none;text-transform:none;visibility:visible;white-space:normal;word-spacing:normal}.fb_reset>div{overflow:hidden}@keyframes fb_transform{from{opacity:0;transform:scale(.95)}to{opacity:1;transform:scale(1)}}.fb_animate{animation:fb_transform .3s forwards} .fb_dialog{background:rgba(82, 82, 82, .7);position:absolute;top:-10000px;z-index:10001}.fb_dialog_advanced{border-radius:8px;padding:10px}.fb_dialog_content{background:#fff;color:#373737}.fb_dialog_close_icon{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;cursor:pointer;display:block;height:15px;position:absolute;right:18px;top:17px;width:15px}.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{left:5px;right:auto;top:5px}.fb_dialog_padding{background-color:transparent;position:absolute;width:1px;z-index:-1}.fb_dialog_close_icon:hover{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 -15px transparent}.fb_dialog_close_icon:active{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 -30px transparent}.fb_dialog_iframe{line-height:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title{background:#6d84b4;border:1px solid #365899;color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;margin:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title>span{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yd/r/Cou7n-nqK52.gif) no-repeat 5px 50%;float:left;padding:5px 0 7px 26px}body.fb_hidden{height:100%;left:0;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:absolute;top:-10000px;transform:none;width:100%}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/ya/r/3rhSv5V8j3o.gif) white no-repeat 50% 50%;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:10001}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered{background:none;height:auto;min-height:initial;min-width:initial;width:auto}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_spinner{width:100%}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered .fb_dialog_content{background:none}.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_close{clear:both;color:#fff;display:block;font-size:18px;padding-top:20px}#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay{background:rgba(0, 0, 0, .4);bottom:0;left:0;min-height:100%;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%;z-index:10000}#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay.hidden{display:none}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading iframe{visibility:hidden}.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_iframe{position:sticky;top:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header{background:linear-gradient(from(#738aba), to(#2c4987));border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:#1d3c78;box-shadow:white 0 1px 1px -1px inset;color:#fff;font:bold 14px Helvetica, sans-serif;text-overflow:ellipsis;text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header table{height:43px;width:100%}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_left{font-size:12px;padding-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:60px}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_right{font-size:12px;padding-right:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:60px}.fb_dialog_content .touchable_button{background:linear-gradient(from(#4267B2), to(#2a4887));background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #29487d;border-radius:3px;display:inline-block;line-height:18px;margin-top:3px;max-width:85px;padding:4px 12px;position:relative}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .touchable_button input{background:none;border:none;color:#fff;font:bold 12px Helvetica, sans-serif;margin:2px -12px;padding:2px 6px 3px 6px;text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .header_center{color:#fff;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;line-height:18px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_content{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/y9/r/jKEcVPZFk-2.gif) no-repeat 50% 50%;border:1px solid #4a4a4a;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;height:150px}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_footer{background:#f5f6f7;border:1px solid #4a4a4a;border-top-color:#ccc;height:40px}#fb_dialog_loader_close{float:left}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_button{text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{visibility:hidden}#fb_dialog_loader_spinner{animation:rotateSpinner 1.2s linear infinite;background-color:transparent;background-image:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yD/r/t-wz8gw1xG1.png);background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;height:24px;width:24px}@keyframes rotateSpinner{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}} .fb_iframe_widget{display:inline-block;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget span{display:inline-block;position:relative;text-align:justify}.fb_iframe_widget iframe{position:absolute}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop span,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{max-width:100%}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{min-width:220px;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget_lift{z-index:1}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid{display:inline}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid span{width:100%}</style>

    <!-- SHARE THIS-->

    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/share-this.js" integrity="sha512-YQH3AWzoNd5UBgAzelMJ0L74JzsE1RfD7zrTDfveB5Xm5j9PBCU+Q2tD4RavX2iVVAt4iJ/gi1mSRCbX/X55pw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/sharers/email.min.js" integrity="sha512-4+h27jVJhdlqWwk0hvKQX2Ow5TYcyRWaYwj5hhDem63JbmslVJHqJu29zQN/ZRM/Dbg4qi9nbbx6wRwmf/S2Yw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/sharers/facebook.min.js" integrity="sha512-Wh1ZDYa/KLkn2iK8a0D4FoZSqXbw1bRFCPjVs490MpcMFs1zHtMQMpqBVAqheGpRFLcGEMy/jnFmFx+6rbGJzw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/sharers/twitter.min.js" integrity="sha512-p0d6Rkeb1XLqCBlKVz7aF+UQNu4tGmAxT5NjJPYasGU8KmXvL8iEd8j/cvuJbqYK3HnVJqmf4ulWZvLx+2a4Fw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

    <!-- insert#share-this-link 0 element 044 (moved from header) -->
    
    <!-- insert#share-this-link 1 element 044 (moved from header) -->

    <!-- src#page_script_src, page-specific script. Element 031 (moved from header to here) -->
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/public_page_topics_match_list.js?time=1729526930"></script>

    <!-- #insert#page-scripts 0 Element 041 (moved from header to here) -->
    <script type="text/javascript">

        var m_languageId = '2';
        var m_title = "Trait\u00e9s d\u2019Utrecht (1713)";
        var m_url_pch = 'http://www.pch.gc.ca/fra/1266037002102/1265993639778';
        var m_url_ut = 'http://www.utoronto.ca/';
        var m_url_ul = 'http://www2.ulaval.ca/accueil.html';
        var m_loggedIn = '';

        // BasePublicHelper variables
        var m_pageId = 'public_page_topics_match_list';
        var m_pageIdIsUnique = '';


        $(document).ready(function() {

            // here:getJavascriptOnReady
            renderBreadcrumbs();
        });
    </script>

    <!-- #insert#page-scripts 1 Element 041 -->

<script>
  var affixSettings = {
    offset: {
      top: 100,
      bottom: function() {
        return (this.bottom = $('.footer').outerHeight(true))
      }
    }
  };

   $('#myAffix').affix(affixSettings);
</script>

<!--LIGHT GALLERY -->
<script src="/js/prettify.js"></script>


<!-- replaced <script src="/js/picturefill.js?id=<?=$version?>"></script>
     recent   <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/picturefill/3.0.3/picturefill.min.js" integrity="sha512-Nh/FthCqOFq56kGp1DsNb6GKK29iIv2ZJc7Fylln1WRrWpeE5LjSBWeAp61dkBASDxZT12aL9mZyIrhsAqgRpw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
     with     <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/picturefill/2.3.1/picturefill.min.js" integrity="sha512-O5Diz2AkqKWK7Lw4t8BnHF/47CLMPiGH9nT4A6U6+tZHCAq+jj3dA/Ngkc1LK3HmrThtjIemw5MtMrHwsV8tTg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
-->
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/picturefill/2.3.1/picturefill.min.js" integrity="sha512-O5Diz2AkqKWK7Lw4t8BnHF/47CLMPiGH9nT4A6U6+tZHCAq+jj3dA/Ngkc1LK3HmrThtjIemw5MtMrHwsV8tTg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>


<!-- missing jtk-2020-01-a
<script src="/js/video.js?id=1001"></script>
-->
<script src="/js/transition.js"></script>

<!--
if link is replace locally on update. restore it to:
  with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lightgallery/1.6.12/js/lightgallery-all.js" integrity="sha512-ib6swbZG+2gcZ5gtx5NIi4enGrvMry+1bAJRXG2KlWr+3rPkB8sPUmzBuKZBPegm8pD1IiRsXbQ1XWd+5HSLbA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

-->
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lightgallery/1.6.12/js/lightgallery-all.js" integrity="sha512-ib6swbZG+2gcZ5gtx5NIi4enGrvMry+1bAJRXG2KlWr+3rPkB8sPUmzBuKZBPegm8pD1IiRsXbQ1XWd+5HSLbA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

<!--
  replace <script src="/js/lg-fullscreen.js?id=<?=$version?>"></script>
  with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lg-fullscreen/1.2.1/lg-fullscreen.min.js" integrity="sha512-GvMYZx1AUxtd+OYSc33H9DYX9qeT/OY90+O8kJ65cLXvSelNSgeytaxDV8bY58TeoZxz1HiqgAfpchczH7S8qA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
-->
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lg-fullscreen/1.2.1/lg-fullscreen.min.js" integrity="sha512-GvMYZx1AUxtd+OYSc33H9DYX9qeT/OY90+O8kJ65cLXvSelNSgeytaxDV8bY58TeoZxz1HiqgAfpchczH7S8qA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

<!--
  replace <script src="/js/lg-autoplay.js?id=<?=$version?>"></script>
  with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lg-autoplay/1.0.4/lg-autoplay.min.js" integrity="sha512-MzBa78b0IGK8BBiW2gMkSkruc9ppE9bQVBMqiFf1fcMNQ2mDuNJejZh/aWGDvhtPDpChaevAAI8WRCeHBlYqRw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
-->
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lg-autoplay/1.0.4/lg-autoplay.min.js" integrity="sha512-MzBa78b0IGK8BBiW2gMkSkruc9ppE9bQVBMqiFf1fcMNQ2mDuNJejZh/aWGDvhtPDpChaevAAI8WRCeHBlYqRw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

    <!-- insert#header-post-js 0 Element 043 -->

    <!-- insert#header-post-js 1 Element 043 -->

<!--
  replace <script src="/js/demos.js?id=<?=$version?>"></script>
  with nothing
  but if it turns out to be required with
-->


<!--BACK TO TOP -->


<!--
<div id="reader-mode-toast" class="alert alert-info"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-arrow-up"></span><?=$reader_caption?></div>
-->
<!-- Element 510 -->
<div id="reader-mode-exit"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary reader-mode-exit">Sortir du mode lecture</button></div>
<!--AFFIX-->
</body>
</html>