<!-- debug path ["","en","topics","topic-match-list.php"] -->

<!-- _eachByDataSource:internalOnly=, sql=select record_id from metadata m  where data_source_id='1' and metadata_definition_id='1464' and m.is_active = 1 -->

<!-- _eachByDataSource:open 
{
    "ANDREWS, ISRAEL DE WOLFE": "4797",
    "BRONSON, HENRY FRANKLIN": "5393",
    "DARLING, Sir CHARLES HENRY": "4386",
    "POWER, PATRICK": "5774",
    "WATSON, WILLIAM": "4765",
    "LITTLE, JAMES": "5657",
    "PERLEY, WILLIAM GOODHUE": "5759",
    "DICKSON, SAMUEL": "4394",
    "HALL, GEORGE BENSON (1810-76)": "5019",
    "MARSHALL, JOHN JOSEPH": "4569",
    "MOORE, PHILIP HENRY": "5171",
    "LITTLE, PHILIP FRANCIS": "6237",
    "DAVIES, WILLIAM": "7806",
    "GRANT, THOMAS HUNTER": "7413",
    "POWELL, WALKER": "7655",
    "RITCHIE, JOHN WILLIAM": "5799",
    "STEVENSON, JOHN": "5849",
    "TAYLOR, JAMES WICKES": "6459",
    "ARCHIBALD, Sir EDWARD MORTIMER": "5343",
    "CHUBB, HENRY": "3832",
    "COURSOL, CHARLES-JOSEPH (baptized Michel-Joseph-Charles)": "5446",
    "GILMOUR, ALLAN (1816-95)": "6122",
    "HOLL, JOHN MYRIE": "4498",
    "HOLMAN, ROBERT TINSON": "6787",
    "LONGWORTH, JOHN": "5662",
    "MANNERS-SUTTON, JOHN HENRY THOMAS, 3rd Viscount CANTERBURY": "5126",
    "NEELON, SYLVESTER": "6331",
    "YOUNG, JAMES (1835-1913)": "7785",
    "BRUCE, JAMES, 8th Earl of ELGIN and 12th Earl of KINCARDINE": "4324",
    "PERLEY, MOSES HENRY": "4652",
    "HENRY, WILLIAM ALEXANDER": "5577",
    "CARMICHAEL, JAMES WILLIAM": "6613",
    "HOWLAN, GEORGE WILLIAM": "6791",
    "HOWLAND, Sir WILLIAM PEARCE": "6790",
    "KILLAM, THOMAS": "4521",
    "OGILVIE, ALEXANDER WALKER": "6971",
    "OSTELL, JOHN": "6349",
    "PERLEY, Sir GEORGE HALSEY": "9110",
    "THORBURN, Sir ROBERT": "7105",
    "WALKER, HIRAM": "6484",
    "JOHNSTON (Johnstone), JAMES WILLIAM": "5067",
    "GALT, Sir ALEXANDER TILLOCH": "6112",
    "YOUNG, JOHN (1811-78)": "5332",
    "CHANDLER, EDWARD BARRON": "4890",
    "DALY, Sir DOMINICK": "4384",
    "EDDY, EZRA BUTLER": "6698",
    "GRAY, JOHN HAMILTON (1814-89)": "5556",
    "HAVILAND, THOMAS HEATH (1822-95)": "6150",
    "KEEFER, THOMAS COLTRIN": "7488",
    "MERRITT, WILLIAM HAMILTON (1793-1862)": "4597",
    "MITCHELL, PETER": "6301",
    "MOYLAN, JAMES GEORGE": "6945",
    "McDOUGALL, WILLIAM": "6901",
    "BROWN, GEORGE": "4861",
    "HINCKS, Sir FRANCIS": "5583",
    "MACDONALD, Sir JOHN ALEXANDER": "6248",
    "SEN\u00c9CAL (S\u00e9n\u00e9cal), LOUIS-AD\u00c9LARD": "5826",
    "HEAD, Sir EDMUND WALKER": "4490",
    "SHEA, Sir AMBROSE": "7064",
    "YOUNG, Sir WILLIAM": "5919",
    "ROSE, Sir JOHN": "5808",
    "SMITH, Sir ALBERT JAMES": "5840",
    "HOWE, JOSEPH": "5049",
    "MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER": "6252",
    "TUPPER, Sir CHARLES": "7747",
    "HAYTHORNE, ROBERT POORE": "6151",
    "WIER, BENJAMIN": "4774",
    "MATTHEWS, WILMOT DELOUI": "7574",
    "HART, ADOLPHUS MORDECAI": "5030",
    "OUIMET, ANDR\u00c9": "4113",
    "GUGY, BARTHOLOMEW CONRAD AUGUSTUS": "5012",
    "HOLMES, BENJAMIN": "4499",
    "VIGER, BONAVENTURE": "5309",
    "WINDHAM, Sir CHARLES ASH": "4778",
    "BULLER, CHARLES": "3274",
    "LA ROCQUE (Larocque), CHARLES": "5094",
    "LEBLANC, CHARLES-ANDR\u00c9": "5095",
    "L\u00c9VESQUE, CHARLES-FRAN\u00c7OIS": "4034",
    "LORIMIER, CHEVALIER DE (baptized Fran\u00e7ois-Marie-Thomas) (Fran\u00e7ois-Marie-Thomas-Chevalier de Lorimier)": "3507",
    "BALDWIN, CONNELL JAMES": "4278",
    "MONDELET, DOMINIQUE (1799-1863)": "4605",
    "RODIER, \u00c9DOUARD-\u00c9TIENNE (baptized \u00c9tienne-\u00c9douard)": "3639",
    "FABRE, \u00c9DOUARD-RAYMOND (baptized Raymond)": "3906",
    "MALCOLM, ELIAKIM": "5122",
    "PARENT, \u00c9TIENNE": "5204",
    "TACH\u00c9, Sir \u00c9TIENNE-PASCHAL": "4736",
    "DESJARDINS, FRAN\u00c7OIS-XAVIER": "4390",
    "GARNEAU, FRAN\u00c7OIS-XAVIER": "4446",
    "PIGEON, FRAN\u00c7OIS-XAVIER (baptized Fran\u00e7ois)": "3607",
    "ARTHUR, Sir GEORGE": "3752",
    "FABRE, HECTOR (baptized Louis-Roch-Hector)": "6702",
    "PAQUIN, JACQUES": "3593",
    "BOUCHER-BELLEVILLE, JEAN-BAPTISTE (Jean-Philippe)": "4845",
    "DUMOUCHELLE (Dumouchel), JEAN-BAPTISTE": "3362",
    "MacDONELL (McDonell), JEAN-FRAN\u00c7OIS-MARIE-JOSEPH (John MacDonell-B\u00e9lestre, John B\u00e9lestre-MacDonell)": "4560",
    "ROLLAND, JEAN-ROCH": "4680",
    "LLOYD, JESSE": "3504",
    "DONEGANI, JOHN ANTHONY (baptized Jean-Antoine)": "4396",
    "COLBORNE, JOHN, 1st Baron SEATON": "4359",
    "LAMBTON, JOHN GEORGE, 1st Earl of DURHAM": "3484",
    "RYAN, JOHN": "4685",
    "HOGAN, JOHN SHERIDAN": "3972",
    "TURCOTTE, JOSEPH-\u00c9DOUARD": "4751",
    "CHANDLER, KENELM CONOR": "3301",
    "GOSSELIN, L\u00c9ON": "3411",
    "SHERWOOD, LEVIUS PETERS": "3659",
    "FISET, LOUIS": "4424",
    "LACOSTE, LOUIS": "5083",
    "GLOBENSKY, MAXIMILIEN": "4456",
    "CARRIER, MICHEL": "3818",
    "GOWAN, OGLE ROBERT": "5006",
    "PANET, PHILIPPE": "4118",
    "CHASSEUR, PIERRE": "3303",
    "BOUCHER DE LA BRU\u00c8RE, PIERRE-CLAUDE": "4846",
    "BELLINGHAM, SYDNEY ROBERT": "5962",
    "BOUTILLIER (Bouthillier), THOMAS": "4313",
    "RIDOUT, THOMAS GIBBS": "4671",
    "HUDON, VICTOR": "6173",
    "SCOTT, WILLIAM HENRY": "4181",
    "KINGSFORD, WILLIAM": "6196",
    "LECL\u00c8RE (Leclerc), PIERRE-\u00c9DOUARD": "4543",
    "KETCHUM, JESSE": "4519",
    "PRICE, JAMES HERVEY": "5777",
    "MACKENZIE (McKenzie, MacKenzie), WILLIAM LYON": "4562",
    "MacNAB, Sir ALLAN NAPIER": "4565",
    "DUVERNAY, LUDGER (baptized Joseph-Ludger)": "3890"
}
 -->

<!-- _eachByDataSource:sort 
{
    "ANDREWS, ISRAEL DE WOLFE": "4797",
    "ARCHIBALD, Sir EDWARD MORTIMER": "5343",
    "ARTHUR, Sir GEORGE": "3752",
    "BALDWIN, CONNELL JAMES": "4278",
    "BELLINGHAM, SYDNEY ROBERT": "5962",
    "BOUCHER DE LA BRU\u00c8RE, PIERRE-CLAUDE": "4846",
    "BOUCHER-BELLEVILLE, JEAN-BAPTISTE (Jean-Philippe)": "4845",
    "BOUTILLIER (Bouthillier), THOMAS": "4313",
    "BRONSON, HENRY FRANKLIN": "5393",
    "BROWN, GEORGE": "4861",
    "BRUCE, JAMES, 8th Earl of ELGIN and 12th Earl of KINCARDINE": "4324",
    "BULLER, CHARLES": "3274",
    "CARMICHAEL, JAMES WILLIAM": "6613",
    "CARRIER, MICHEL": "3818",
    "CHANDLER, EDWARD BARRON": "4890",
    "CHANDLER, KENELM CONOR": "3301",
    "CHASSEUR, PIERRE": "3303",
    "CHUBB, HENRY": "3832",
    "COLBORNE, JOHN, 1st Baron SEATON": "4359",
    "COURSOL, CHARLES-JOSEPH (baptized Michel-Joseph-Charles)": "5446",
    "DALY, Sir DOMINICK": "4384",
    "DARLING, Sir CHARLES HENRY": "4386",
    "DAVIES, WILLIAM": "7806",
    "DESJARDINS, FRAN\u00c7OIS-XAVIER": "4390",
    "DICKSON, SAMUEL": "4394",
    "DONEGANI, JOHN ANTHONY (baptized Jean-Antoine)": "4396",
    "DUMOUCHELLE (Dumouchel), JEAN-BAPTISTE": "3362",
    "DUVERNAY, LUDGER (baptized Joseph-Ludger)": "3890",
    "EDDY, EZRA BUTLER": "6698",
    "FABRE, HECTOR (baptized Louis-Roch-Hector)": "6702",
    "FABRE, \u00c9DOUARD-RAYMOND (baptized Raymond)": "3906",
    "FISET, LOUIS": "4424",
    "GALT, Sir ALEXANDER TILLOCH": "6112",
    "GARNEAU, FRAN\u00c7OIS-XAVIER": "4446",
    "GILMOUR, ALLAN (1816-95)": "6122",
    "GLOBENSKY, MAXIMILIEN": "4456",
    "GOSSELIN, L\u00c9ON": "3411",
    "GOWAN, OGLE ROBERT": "5006",
    "GRANT, THOMAS HUNTER": "7413",
    "GRAY, JOHN HAMILTON (1814-89)": "5556",
    "GUGY, BARTHOLOMEW CONRAD AUGUSTUS": "5012",
    "HALL, GEORGE BENSON (1810-76)": "5019",
    "HART, ADOLPHUS MORDECAI": "5030",
    "HAVILAND, THOMAS HEATH (1822-95)": "6150",
    "HAYTHORNE, ROBERT POORE": "6151",
    "HEAD, Sir EDMUND WALKER": "4490",
    "HENRY, WILLIAM ALEXANDER": "5577",
    "HINCKS, Sir FRANCIS": "5583",
    "HOGAN, JOHN SHERIDAN": "3972",
    "HOLL, JOHN MYRIE": "4498",
    "HOLMAN, ROBERT TINSON": "6787",
    "HOLMES, BENJAMIN": "4499",
    "HOWE, JOSEPH": "5049",
    "HOWLAN, GEORGE WILLIAM": "6791",
    "HOWLAND, Sir WILLIAM PEARCE": "6790",
    "HUDON, VICTOR": "6173",
    "JOHNSTON (Johnstone), JAMES WILLIAM": "5067",
    "KEEFER, THOMAS COLTRIN": "7488",
    "KETCHUM, JESSE": "4519",
    "KILLAM, THOMAS": "4521",
    "KINGSFORD, WILLIAM": "6196",
    "LA ROCQUE (Larocque), CHARLES": "5094",
    "LACOSTE, LOUIS": "5083",
    "LAMBTON, JOHN GEORGE, 1st Earl of DURHAM": "3484",
    "LEBLANC, CHARLES-ANDR\u00c9": "5095",
    "LECL\u00c8RE (Leclerc), PIERRE-\u00c9DOUARD": "4543",
    "LITTLE, JAMES": "5657",
    "LITTLE, PHILIP FRANCIS": "6237",
    "LLOYD, JESSE": "3504",
    "LONGWORTH, JOHN": "5662",
    "LORIMIER, CHEVALIER DE (baptized Fran\u00e7ois-Marie-Thomas) (Fran\u00e7ois-Marie-Thomas-Chevalier de Lorimier)": "3507",
    "L\u00c9VESQUE, CHARLES-FRAN\u00c7OIS": "4034",
    "MACDONALD, Sir JOHN ALEXANDER": "6248",
    "MACKENZIE (McKenzie, MacKenzie), WILLIAM LYON": "4562",
    "MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER": "6252",
    "MALCOLM, ELIAKIM": "5122",
    "MANNERS-SUTTON, JOHN HENRY THOMAS, 3rd Viscount CANTERBURY": "5126",
    "MARSHALL, JOHN JOSEPH": "4569",
    "MATTHEWS, WILMOT DELOUI": "7574",
    "MERRITT, WILLIAM HAMILTON (1793-1862)": "4597",
    "MITCHELL, PETER": "6301",
    "MONDELET, DOMINIQUE (1799-1863)": "4605",
    "MOORE, PHILIP HENRY": "5171",
    "MOYLAN, JAMES GEORGE": "6945",
    "MacDONELL (McDonell), JEAN-FRAN\u00c7OIS-MARIE-JOSEPH (John MacDonell-B\u00e9lestre, John B\u00e9lestre-MacDonell)": "4560",
    "MacNAB, Sir ALLAN NAPIER": "4565",
    "McDOUGALL, WILLIAM": "6901",
    "NEELON, SYLVESTER": "6331",
    "OGILVIE, ALEXANDER WALKER": "6971",
    "OSTELL, JOHN": "6349",
    "OUIMET, ANDR\u00c9": "4113",
    "PANET, PHILIPPE": "4118",
    "PAQUIN, JACQUES": "3593",
    "PARENT, \u00c9TIENNE": "5204",
    "PERLEY, MOSES HENRY": "4652",
    "PERLEY, Sir GEORGE HALSEY": "9110",
    "PERLEY, WILLIAM GOODHUE": "5759",
    "PIGEON, FRAN\u00c7OIS-XAVIER (baptized Fran\u00e7ois)": "3607",
    "POWELL, WALKER": "7655",
    "POWER, PATRICK": "5774",
    "PRICE, JAMES HERVEY": "5777",
    "RIDOUT, THOMAS GIBBS": "4671",
    "RITCHIE, JOHN WILLIAM": "5799",
    "RODIER, \u00c9DOUARD-\u00c9TIENNE (baptized \u00c9tienne-\u00c9douard)": "3639",
    "ROLLAND, JEAN-ROCH": "4680",
    "ROSE, Sir JOHN": "5808",
    "RYAN, JOHN": "4685",
    "SCOTT, WILLIAM HENRY": "4181",
    "SEN\u00c9CAL (S\u00e9n\u00e9cal), LOUIS-AD\u00c9LARD": "5826",
    "SHEA, Sir AMBROSE": "7064",
    "SHERWOOD, LEVIUS PETERS": "3659",
    "SMITH, Sir ALBERT JAMES": "5840",
    "STEVENSON, JOHN": "5849",
    "TACH\u00c9, Sir \u00c9TIENNE-PASCHAL": "4736",
    "TAYLOR, JAMES WICKES": "6459",
    "THORBURN, Sir ROBERT": "7105",
    "TUPPER, Sir CHARLES": "7747",
    "TURCOTTE, JOSEPH-\u00c9DOUARD": "4751",
    "VIGER, BONAVENTURE": "5309",
    "WALKER, HIRAM": "6484",
    "WATSON, WILLIAM": "4765",
    "WIER, BENJAMIN": "4774",
    "WINDHAM, Sir CHARLES ASH": "4778",
    "YOUNG, JAMES (1835-1913)": "7785",
    "YOUNG, JOHN (1811-78)": "5332",
    "YOUNG, Sir WILLIAM": "5919"
}
 -->

<!-- _eachByDataSource:internalOnly=all, sql=select record_id from metadata m inner join resources r on m.record_id = r.id  where data_source_id='8' and metadata_definition_id='1464' and m.is_active = 1 and (r.language_id is null or r.language_id=0 or r.language_id=3 or r.language_id=1) and (r.url not like "%biographi.ca%/bio/%") and (r.url not like "%/seo/add-url%") -->

<!-- _eachByDataSource:open 
{
    "Canada\u2013United States Free Trade Agreement - Wikipedia": {},
    "United States free-trade agreements - Wikipedia": {}
}
 -->

<!-- _eachByDataSource:sort 
{
    "Canada\u2013United States Free Trade Agreement - Wikipedia": {},
    "United States free-trade agreements - Wikipedia": {}
}
 -->

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html class="js cssanimations">
<!-- vim: set ts=2 sw=2 expandtab : -->
<!-- debug jtk 2020-11 a, bio -->
<head>
    <!-- 139.177.195.201 Element 010 comment#ip -->

    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
    <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="1410A94B8EF57EB5E09DF8429A48077F" />
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, user-scalable=no" />
    <script type="text/javascript" src="https://platform-api.sharethis.com/js/sharethis.js#property=65b0432b92c73d001906c92a&product=inline-share-buttons" async="async"></script>
    <!-- insert#seo-tags insert#author-tags 0 Element 011 012 -->
    <meta property="og:title" content="Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 – Dictionary of Canadian Biography" />
    <meta property="og:type" content="website" />
    <meta property="og:type-check" content="website" />
    <meta property="og:url" content="http://www.biographi.ca/en/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=1464" />
    <meta property="og:site_name" content="Dictionary of Canadian Biography" />
    <meta property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
    <meta property="twitter:site" content="@dcb_dbc" />
    <meta property="twitter:creator" content="@dcb_dbc" />
    <meta property="twitter:title" content="Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 – Dictionary of Canadian Biography" />

    <meta name="removed-author" content="DCB/DBC Staff, John Beadle Graphic Designer" />
    <!-- insert#seo-tags insert#author-tags 1 Element 011 012 -->

    <!-- content#html-title Element 020 -->
    <title>Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 &ndash; Dictionary of Canadian Biography</title>

    <!--
    cdn versions
    bootstrap.min.css TO <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-HSMxcRTRxnN+Bdg0JdbxYKrThecOKuH5zCYotlSAcp1+c8xmyTe9GYg1l9a69psu" crossorigin="anonymous">
    all.css           TO <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.1/css/all.css">
    jquery-ui.min.css TO <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.css" integrity="sha512-aOG0c6nPNzGk+5zjwyJaoRUgCdOrfSDhmMID2u4+OIslr0GjpLKo7Xm0Ao3xmpM4T8AmIouRkqwj1nrdVsLKEQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" />
    jquery-ui-2.css   TO <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.13.2/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.min.css" integrity="sha512-Mvnc3gzZhD8rZtNMHJkotZpdfvAHunpqankLPnj3hXpphETXpxbfr4+oNMOzF179JYu8B8/EqruGdpsH5fNYww==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" />
    -->

    <!-- BOOTSTRAP CDN -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-HSMxcRTRxnN+Bdg0JdbxYKrThecOKuH5zCYotlSAcp1+c8xmyTe9GYg1l9a69psu" crossorigin="anonymous">

    <!-- FONT AWESOME 5 -->
    <!-- link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v5.15.1/css/all.css" -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://use.fontawesome.com/releases/v6.5.1/css/all.css">
    <script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/a5049f3fd8.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>


    <!-- JQUERY UI -->
    <!-- NOT in JB bio page BUT may be needed for some pages
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.css" integrity="sha512-aOG0c6nPNzGk+5zjwyJaoRUgCdOrfSDhmMID2u4+OIslr0GjpLKo7Xm0Ao3xmpM4T8AmIouRkqwj1nrdVsLKEQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.13.2/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.min.css" integrity="sha512-Mvnc3gzZhD8rZtNMHJkotZpdfvAHunpqankLPnj3hXpphETXpxbfr4+oNMOzF179JYu8B8/EqruGdpsH5fNYww==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" />
    -->


    <!-- PLUGINS CSS -->
    <!--
    CDN copies of the owl and lightgallery and sharethis
      with <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/assets/owl.carousel.css">
      with <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/assets/owl.theme.default.css">
      with <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lightgallery/1.6.12/css/lightgallery.min.css" integrity="sha512-UMUaaaRK/i2ihAzNyraiLZzT8feWBDY+lLnBnhA3+MEfQn4jaNJMGBad6nyklImf7d0Id6n/Jb0ynr7RCpyNPQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" />
      with <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lightgallery/1.6.12/css/lg-transitions.min.css" integrity="sha512-TLkzsbRon8DBy6TwaafTGapb+90/t0ZsGes1jMyHKaImbAUSTaedyS8HbDQOZt3H+j1s4BFKUlWXcPBEJNtPgw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" />
      with <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/share-this.min.css" integrity="sha512-D2vagE/4+QTyP2FukMZNoZxcO1Uqcd0SsnqczdOm+zu35XDsFDIroYXxDD0WrYbyPFKD1vUmhxaCC3kR8WBNZA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" />

    <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/css/plugin-shared.css">
    -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/assets/owl.carousel.css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/assets/owl.theme.default.css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lightgallery/1.6.12/css/lightgallery.min.css" integrity="sha512-UMUaaaRK/i2ihAzNyraiLZzT8feWBDY+lLnBnhA3+MEfQn4jaNJMGBad6nyklImf7d0Id6n/Jb0ynr7RCpyNPQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lightgallery/1.6.12/css/lg-transitions.min.css" integrity="sha512-TLkzsbRon8DBy6TwaafTGapb+90/t0ZsGes1jMyHKaImbAUSTaedyS8HbDQOZt3H+j1s4BFKUlWXcPBEJNtPgw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/share-this.min.css" integrity="sha512-D2vagE/4+QTyP2FukMZNoZxcO1Uqcd0SsnqczdOm+zu35XDsFDIroYXxDD0WrYbyPFKD1vUmhxaCC3kR8WBNZA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer" />


    <!--LOCAL LINKS -->
    <!-- javascript_time is used extensively, Element 021 -->
    <!-- owl and lightgallery customization querystring#?time=#javascript_time Element 021 -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/css/plugin-shared.css?time=1729526934">

    <!-- classes I need that jb did not include in base.css load before base.css so if he overrides these his code will be used-->
    <!-- querystring#?time=#javascript_time Element 021 -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/css/shared-base.css?time=1729526934">

    <!-- base css from JB, querystring#?time=#javascript_time Element 021 -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/css/base.css?time=1729526934">

    <!-- page-specific style sheet, usually the page name with .css instead of php -->
    <!-- href#page-css-url Element 030 -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/css/public_page_topics_match_list.css?time=1729526934">

    <!-- insert#main-menu-items 0 Element 040 -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/css/mod_boot_0_0_css_public_page_topics_match_list.css?id=1747701817" />

    <!-- insert#main-menu-items 1 Element 040 -->

    <!-- insert#header-post-css 0 Element 042 -->

    <!-- insert#header-post-css 1 Element 042 -->
    <style>
        .owl-dot {
            display: none;
        }
    </style>
<style type="text/css">.fb_hidden{position:absolute;top:-10000px;z-index:10001}.fb_reposition{overflow:hidden;position:relative}.fb_invisible{display:none}.fb_reset{background:none;border:0;border-spacing:0;color:#000;cursor:auto;direction:ltr;font-family:"lucida grande", tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;margin:0;overflow:visible;padding:0;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0;text-shadow:none;text-transform:none;visibility:visible;white-space:normal;word-spacing:normal}.fb_reset>div{overflow:hidden}@keyframes fb_transform{from{opacity:0;transform:scale(.95)}to{opacity:1;transform:scale(1)}}.fb_animate{animation:fb_transform .3s forwards}
.fb_dialog{background:rgba(82, 82, 82, .7);position:absolute;top:-10000px;z-index:10001}.fb_dialog_advanced{border-radius:8px;padding:10px}.fb_dialog_content{background:#fff;color:#373737}.fb_dialog_close_icon{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;cursor:pointer;display:block;height:15px;position:absolute;right:18px;top:17px;width:15px}.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{left:5px;right:auto;top:5px}.fb_dialog_padding{background-color:transparent;position:absolute;width:1px;z-index:-1}.fb_dialog_close_icon:hover{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 -15px transparent}.fb_dialog_close_icon:active{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 -30px transparent}.fb_dialog_iframe{line-height:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title{background:#6d84b4;border:1px solid #365899;color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;margin:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title>span{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yd/r/Cou7n-nqK52.gif) no-repeat 5px 50%;float:left;padding:5px 0 7px 26px}body.fb_hidden{height:100%;left:0;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:absolute;top:-10000px;transform:none;width:100%}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/ya/r/3rhSv5V8j3o.gif) white no-repeat 50% 50%;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:10001}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered{background:none;height:auto;min-height:initial;min-width:initial;width:auto}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_spinner{width:100%}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered .fb_dialog_content{background:none}.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_close{clear:both;color:#fff;display:block;font-size:18px;padding-top:20px}#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay{background:rgba(0, 0, 0, .4);bottom:0;left:0;min-height:100%;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%;z-index:10000}#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay.hidden{display:none}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading iframe{visibility:hidden}.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_iframe{position:sticky;top:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header{background:linear-gradient(from(#738aba), to(#2c4987));border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:#043b87;box-shadow:white 0 1px 1px -1px inset;color:#fff;font:bold 14px Helvetica, sans-serif;text-overflow:ellipsis;text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header table{height:43px;width:100%}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_left{font-size:12px;padding-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:60px}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_right{font-size:12px;padding-right:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:60px}.fb_dialog_content .touchable_button{background:linear-gradient(from(#4267B2), to(#2a4887));background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #29487d;border-radius:3px;display:inline-block;line-height:18px;margin-top:3px;max-width:85px;padding:4px 12px;position:relative}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .touchable_button input{background:none;border:none;color:#fff;font:bold 12px Helvetica, sans-serif;margin:2px -12px;padding:2px 6px 3px 6px;text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .header_center{color:#fff;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;line-height:18px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_content{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/y9/r/jKEcVPZFk-2.gif) no-repeat 50% 50%;border:1px solid #4a4a4a;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;height:150px}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_footer{background:#f5f6f7;border:1px solid #4a4a4a;border-top-color:#ccc;height:40px}#fb_dialog_loader_close{float:left}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_button{text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{visibility:hidden}#fb_dialog_loader_spinner{animation:rotateSpinner 1.2s linear infinite;background-color:transparent;background-image:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yD/r/t-wz8gw1xG1.png);background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;height:24px;width:24px}@keyframes rotateSpinner{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}}
.fb_iframe_widget{display:inline-block;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget span{display:inline-block;position:relative;text-align:justify}.fb_iframe_widget iframe{position:absolute}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop span,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{max-width:100%}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{min-width:220px;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget_lift{z-index:1}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid{display:inline}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid span{width:100%}</style><style type="text/css">.st-1 {
  font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;;
  direction: ltr;
  display: block;
  opacity: 1;
  text-align: center;
  z-index: 94034;
}
.st-1.st-animated {
  -moz-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; -ms-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; -o-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; -webkit-transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in; transition: o 0.2s ease-in, p 0.2s ease-in, a 0.2s ease-in, c 0.2s ease-in, i 0.2s ease-in, t 0.2s ease-in, y 0.2s ease-in;
}
.st-1.st-hidden {
  opacity: 0;
}
.st-1.st-hide {
  display: none;
}
.st-1 .st-btn {
  -moz-box-sizing: border-box;
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;
box-sizing: border-box;
  -moz-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; -ms-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; -o-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; -webkit-transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in; transition: opacity 0.2s ease-in, top 0.2s ease-in;
  -moz-border-radius: 0px;
-webkit-border-radius: 0px;
border-radius: 0px;
  border: none;
  cursor: pointer;
  display: inline-block;
  font-size: 12px;
  height: 32px;
  line-height: 32px;
  margin-right: 8px;
  padding: 0 10px;
  position: relative;
  text-align: center;
  top: 0;
  vertical-align: top;
  white-space: nowrap;
}
.st-1 .st-btn:last-child {
  margin-right: 0;
}
.st-1 .st-btn > svg {
  height: 16px;
  width: 16px;
  position: relative;
  top: 8px;
  vertical-align: top;
}
.st-1 .st-btn > img {
  display: inline-block;
  height: 16px;
  width: 16px;
  position: relative;
  top: 8px;
  vertical-align: top;
}
.st-1 .st-btn > span {
  -moz-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; -ms-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; -o-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; -webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in; transition: all 0.2s ease-in;
  color: #fff;
  display: inline-block;
  font-weight: 500;
  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
  min-width: 60px;
  opacity: 1;
  padding: 0 6px;
  position: relative;
  vertical-align: top;
}
.st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn {
  min-width: 120px;
}
.st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn.st-remove-label {
  min-width: 50px;
}
.st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn.st-remove-label > span {
  display: none;
}
.st-1.st-has-labels .st-btn.st-hide-label > span {
  display: none;
}
.st-1 .st-total {
  color: #555;
  display: inline-block;
  font-weight: 500;
  line-height: 12px;
  margin-right: 0;
  max-width: 80px;
  padding: 4px 8px;
  text-align: center;
}
.st-1 .st-total.st-hidden {
  display: none;
}
.st-1 .st-total > span {
  font-size: 16px;
  line-height: 17px;
  display: block;
  padding: 0;
}
.st-1 .st-total > span.st-shares {
  font-size: 9px;
  line-height: 9px;
}
.st-1.st-justified {
  display: flex;
  text-align: center;
}
.st-1.st-justified .st-btn {
  -moz-flex: 1;
-ms-flex: 1;
-webkit-flex: 1;
flex: 1;
}
.st-1 .st-btn:hover {
  opacity: .8;
  top: -4px;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='facebook'] {
  background-color: #4267B2;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='facebook'] svg {
  fill: #fff;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='facebook'] > span {
  color: #fff;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='twitter'] {
  background-color: #55acee;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='twitter'] svg {
  fill: #fff;
}
.st-1 .st-btn[data-network='twitter'] > span {
  color: #fff;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
  <!-- WRAPPER -->
  <div id="bootstrap-wrapper" class="dcb-container container-fluid wrapper">
    <!-- START Top nav content -->
    <nav id="nav_main" class="navbar navbar-default navbar-dcb navbar-fixed-top">
      <div class="container-fluid">
        <!-- Brand and toggle get grouped for better mobile display -->
        <div class="navbar-mobile" id="dcb-mobile-1">
          <div class="dropdown show-outline" id="dcb-hamburger-mobile">
            <button id="dlabel" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><i class="fas fa-bars fa-lg"></i></button>
          </div><!--END DROPDOWN-->
        </div>
        <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="dcb-collapse-1">
          <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
            <!--DROPDOWN-->
            <div class="dropdown show-outline" id="hamburger">
              <button id="eLabel" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
                <i class="fas fa-bars fa-lg"></i>
              </button>
            </div><!--END DROPDOWN-->
            <div class="input-group" id="mobile-search">
              <input id="search-2" type="text" class="dcb-search form-control" placeholder="Search" data-brx-ls="template_search"></input>
              <span class="input-group-btn">
                <button data-target="#search-2" class="dcb-search btn btn-default" type="button" data-brx-ls="template_go_mobile">Go</button>
              </span>
            </div><!-- /input-group -->
            <!-- insert#main-menu-items 0 Element 110 -->

            <li class=""><a href="/fr/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=1464" title="Version française">Français</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/en/" title="Home">Home</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/en/news_feed.html" title="News">News</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/en/about_us.php" title="About Us">About Us</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/en/contact_us_general.php" title="Contact Us">Contact Us</a></li>
            <li class=""><a href="/en/contact_us_newsletter.php" title="Subscribe">Subscribe</a></li>
            <li class=""><a target="_blank" href="https://donate.utoronto.ca/dcb/" title="Donate">Donate</a></li>

            <!-- insert#main-menu-items 1 Element 110 -->
            <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
          </ul>
          <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar-right">
            <!--FACEBOOK TWITTER NAVBAR LINKS-->
            <li><a class="fa-brands fa-square-x-twitter fa-lg" aria-hidden="true" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/dcb_dbc" title="Follow us on Twitter" data-brx-ls="template_follow_twitter"></a></li>
            <li><a class="fab fa-facebook fa-lg" aria-hidden="true" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/dictionaryofcanadianbiography" title="Follow us on Facebook" data-brx-ls="template_follow_facebook"></a></li>
            <!--
            <li><a href="javascript:void(0)" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:0" class="topmenu-login-no" onclick="return showLogin();" title="Log in to My DCB" data-brx-ls="template_login">Log In</a></li>
            <li><a href="javascript:void(0)" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:0" class="topmenu-login-no" onclick="return ajaxRegister();" title="Register for free for My DCB: you can save biographies and searches to a personal list" data-brx-ls="template_register">Register</a></li>
            <li><a href="javascript:void(0)" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:1" onclick="return ajaxLogout();" title="Log out of My DCB" data-brx-ls="template_logout">Log out</a></li>
            <li><a href="/en/mydcb/" data-brx-dyn="show:logged-in:1" class="topmenu-login-yes" title="Your personal page, where you can save favourite biographies and searches" data-brx-ls="template_my_dcb">My DCB</a></li>
            -->
          </ul>
        </div><!-- /.navbar-collapse -->
      </div><!-- /.container-fluid -->
    </nav>
    <!-- END Top nav content -->

    <!-- START Header content -->
    <div id="row-top-section" class="container-fluid">
      <div class="row" id="row-breadcrumbs">
        <div id="breadcrumbs" class="col-sm-12" data-brx-ls="template_breadcrumbs">Breadcrumbs</div>
      </div>
      <!-- jtk 7-apr-2019 reader-mode -->
      <div class="row reader-mode" id="row-logo">
        <div class="col-sm-7" id="col-logo">
          <a href="/en/" data-brx-ls="template_home" title="Dictionary of Canadian Biography"><img class="responsive" alt="Dictionary of Canadian Biography" src="/img/dcb_en.svg" data-brx-ls="template_home"></a>
        </div>
        <div class="col-sm-5" id="col-search">
          <div class="container-fluid">
            <div class="row" id="search">
              <input type="text" id="simple-search" class="dcb-search simple-input" placeholder="Search" data-brx-ls="template_search"></input>
              <span data-target="#simple-search" class="dcb-search btn-lg glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right" id="search_go"></span>
            </div>
            <div class="row">
              <div class="float-right" id="tools">
                <!-- start standard tools menu -->
                <nav class="navbar navbar-tools navbar navbar-default">
                  <ul class="nav navbar-nav navbar">
                    <li><a href="/en/browse.php" title="Browse content by category" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_browse"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-th-list"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_browse_span">Browse</span></a></li>
                    <li><a href="/en/search.php" title="Use options such as Boolean operators and limiters" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_search"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-search"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_search_span">Advanced Search</span></a></li>
                    <li><a href="javascript:void(1);" onclick="return startReaderMode();" title="“Reader mode” hides everything but the navigation bar and the footer. To return to regular mode, click on &quot;Exit reader mode&quot; at top left." data-brx-ls="template_navtools_reader"><span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-book"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_reader_span">Reader Mode</span></a></li>
                    <li><a href="javascript:void(1);" onclick="return printDocument();" title="Printer-friendly" data-brx-ls="template_navtools_print"> <span class="btn-sm glyphicon glyphicon-print"></span> <span data-brx-ls="template_navtools_print_span">Printer-friendly</span></a></li>
                  </ul>
                </nav>
                <!-- end standard tools menu -->
              </div><!-- #tools -->
            </div><!-- .row -->
          </div><!-- .container-fluid -->
        </div><!-- #col-search -->
      </div><!-- #row-logo -->
    </div><!-- #row-top-section -->
    <!-- END Header content -->

    <!-- Element 111 112 113 -->
    <div style="display:none;" id="announcements" class="row alert-warning col-sm-12 announcements" data-brx-dyn="ajax:content:/en/ajax/announcements.php">
    </div>

    <div id="content-container" class="container-fluid">
      <div class="row mobile-logo">
        <div class="col-md-12">
          <!-- Element 114 115 -->
          <a href="/en/"><img src="/img/dcb_en_sm.svg" alt="mobile"></a>
        </div>
        <div class="col-md-12 .bio-jump">
          <!-- insert#jump-link 0 element 116 -->
          
          <!-- insert#jump-link 1 element 116 -->
        </div>
        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
      </div>
      <div class="row">
        <!-- jtk 7-apr-2019 -->
        <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-lg-3 col-xl-2 content-left reader-mode" id="sidebar">
          <div id="sidebar-inner">
            <nav class="dcb-generic-sidebar">
              <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">
                <div class="row sidebar-dropdown-extra">
                  <input type="text" id="nav-search" class="dcb-search simple-input" placeholder="Search" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_search"></input>
                  <span data-target="#nav-search" class="dcb-search btn-lg glyphicon glyphicon-chevron-right" id="nav-search_go"></span>
                </div>
                <div class="row sidebar-french-home sidebar-dropdown-extra">
                  <!-- custom:dynamic_feed_6:mobile_menu Element 120 -->
                  <!-- insert#mobile-menu-items 0 Element 120 -->

                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/fr/topics/topic-match-list.php?id=1464" title="Version française"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Français</button></a>
                    </div>

                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/en/" title="Home"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Home</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/en/news_feed.html" title="News"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">News</button></a>
                    </div>

                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/en/about_us.php" title="About Us"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">About Us</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/en/contact_us_general.php" title="Contact Us"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Contact Us</button></a>
                    </div>

                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a href="/en/contact_us_newsletter.php" title="Subscribe"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Subscribe</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <div class="btn-group btn-group-justified" role="group" aria-label="...">
                    <div class="btn-group" role="group">
                      <a target="_blank" href="https://donate.utoronto.ca/dcb/" title="Donate"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Donate</button></a>
                    </div>

                  </div>
                  <!-- insert#mobile-menu-items 1 Element 120 -->
                  <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                </div>
                <!-- sidebar-inner -->

                <!-- nav-OUTLINE -->

                <!-- Element 550. section-* tags are used to set style to display:none; if the section is not used for the page.  -->
                <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">
                    <li role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#outline-description content#outline-caption element 131 132 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-outline-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title="Outline">Outline</a>
                      <div id="bio-outline-sidenav" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">

                        <!--
                        listgroup syntax :: listgroup:data_source:format

                        format parameter may be all, start, end, li

                        Regardless of format, each generates list items from data_source. Formats allow us to construct a single list group from multiple sources, to add custom li elements

                        all prints <ul class="list-group"> then the items then </ul>
                        start -> ul, li0...liN, end-> li0...liN, /ul
                        li -> just li0...liN

                        -->
                        <!-- insert#outline-content 0 Element 130 -->

                        <!-- insert#outline-content 1 Element 130 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} simple --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #bio-outline-sidenav -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!-- END nav-OUTLINE -->
                <!-- <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey"> -->
                <section style="display:none;">
                  <!-- insert#outline-full-html 0 Element 130 -->

                  <!-- insert#outline-full-html 1 Element 130 -->
                </section>
                <!-- </nav> -->

                <!--JANUARY 18 2021 JB -->
                <!-- nav THEMES -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <nav style="display:none;" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#bio-special-description content#bio-special-caption Element 141 142 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-special-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="bio-special-sidenav" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 140 -->
                        <!-- insert#bio-special-list 0 Element 140 -->

                        <!-- insert#bio-special-list 1 Element 140 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #bio-special-sidenav -->
                    </li>

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#bio-topics-description content#bio-topics-caption Element 151 152 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-related-topics-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="bio-related-topics-sidenav" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 150 -->
                        <!-- insert#bio-topics-list 0 Element 150 -->

                        <!-- insert#bio-topics-list 1 Element 150 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #bio-related-topics-sidenav -->
                    </li>

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#related-bios-description content#related-bios-caption Element 161 162 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#bio-related-bios-sidenav" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="bio-related-bios-sidenav" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false" style="height: 0px;">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 160 -->
                        <!-- insert#related-bios-list 0 Element 160 -->

                        <!-- insert#related-bios-list 1 Element 160 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #bio-related-topics-sidenav -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!--END nav THEMES -->


                <!-- nav PUBLICATION  -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <nav style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-1" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">

                    <li role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#bio-history-description content#bio-history-caption Element 171 172 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-1" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title=""></a>
                      <div id="doc-history-1" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 170 -->
                        <!-- insert#bio-history-list 0 Element 170 -->

                        <!-- insert#bio-history-list 1 Element 170 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / # -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!--END nav PUBLICATION -->

                <!-- nav metadata  -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <nav style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2" class="dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-grey">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2-identifiers" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#metadata-identifiers-description content#metadata-identifiers-caption Element 181 182 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-2-identifiers" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="doc-history-2-identifiers" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 180 -->
                        <!-- insert#metadata-identifiers-list 0 Element 180 -->

                        <!-- insert#metadata-identifiers-list 1 Element 180 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / # -->
                    </li>

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2-birth" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#metadata-birth-description content#metadata-birth-caption Element 191 192 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-2-birth" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="doc-history-2-birth" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 190 -->
                        <!-- insert#metadata-birth-list 0 Element 190 -->

                        <!-- insert#metadata-birth-list 1 Element 190 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / # -->
                    </li>

                    <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                    <li style="display:none;" id="content-doc-history-2-activity" role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#metadata-activity-description content#metadata-activity-caption Element 201 202 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#doc-history-2-activity" class="accordion-toggle" aria-expanded="false" title=""></a>
                      <div id="doc-history-2-activity" class="collapse" aria-expanded="false">
                        <!-- format: listgroup Element 200 -->
                        <!-- insert#metadata-activity-list 0 Element 200 -->

                        <!-- insert#metadata-activity-list 1 Element 200 -->
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / # -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!--END nav metadata -->

                <!-- nav SOCIAL 1 -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <div class="row" style="display:none;" id="sidebar-social-1">
                  <div class="col-md-12 share-this">
                    <div class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons st-center st-lang-en st-has-labels st-inline-share-buttons st-animated st-1">
                      <div class="st-btn st-first" data-network="facebook" style="display: inline-block;">
                        <img alt="facebook sharing button" src="/img/facebook.svg">
                        <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_facebook">Share</span>
                      </div><!-- .st-btn -->
                      <div class="st-btn st-last" data-network="twitter" style="display: inline-block;">
                        <img alt="twitter sharing button" src="/img/twitter.svg">
                        <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_twitter">Tweet</span>
                      </div><!-- .st-btn -->
                    </div><!-- .sharethis-inline-share-buttons -->
                  </div><!-- .col-md-12 .share-this -->
                </div><!-- .row -->
                <!-- END nav SOCIAL 1 -->

                <!-- nav RED -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <nav style="" id="sidebar-main-menu" class="dcb-generic-sidebar dcb-generic-sidebar col-theme-red">
                  <ul class="dcb-pills nav-pills nav-stacked">
                    <li role="presentation"><a href="/en/new_biographies.html" title="New Biographies" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_new_bios">New Biographies</a></li>
                    <li role="presentation"><a href="/en/updated_biographies.html" title="Minor Corrections" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_updated_bios">Minor Corrections</a></li>
                    <li role="presentation">
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#panelBioOfTheDay" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title="Read the story of a subject who died or was born on this day" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_botd">Biography of the Day</a>
                      <div id="panelBioOfTheDay" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">
                        <div class="dcb-image-panel dcb-panel panel">
                          <div class="panel-body">
                            <div class="botd-dynamic feed-item-sidebar" data-brx-dyn="ajax:content:/en/ajax/botd.php">
                              <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                            </div><!--feed-item-sidebar-->
                            <div class="see-all">
                              <strong><a href="/en/bio_of_the_day.html" class="see-all" title="See all previous entries for Biography of the Day" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_botd_all">See previous</a></strong>
                            </div><!--see-all-->
                          </div><!-- .panel-body -->
                        </div><!-- .dcb-image-panel .dcb-panel .panel -->
                      </div><!-- .collapse / #panelBioOfTheDay -->
                    </li>
                    <li role="presentation">
                      <!-- title#special-project-description content#special-project-caption Element 211 212 -->
                      <a data-toggle="collapse" href="#panelSpecialProjects" class="accordion-toggle collapsed" aria-expanded="true" title="Significant themes in Canadian history and guides for educators">Themes, Essays, and Guides</a>
                      <div id="panelSpecialProjects" class="collapse in" aria-expanded="true">
                        <!-- format: listgroup-items Element 210 -->
                        <ul class="list-group">
                          <!-- insert#special-project-items 0 Element 210 -->

                          <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/en/special_1812.html" title="The War of 1812">The War of 1812</a></li>
                          <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/en/special_first_world_war.html" title="The First World War">The First World War</a></li>
                          <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/en/special_confederation.html" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li>
                          <li class="list-group-item"><a href="/en/special_femmes.html" title="Women in the DCB/DBC">Women in the DCB/DBC</a></li>

                          <!-- insert#special-project-items 1 Element 210 -->
                          <div class="dcb-image-panel dcb-panel panel">
                            <div class="panel-body">
                              <div class="see-all">
                                <a href="/en/gallery_special_projects.html" class="see-all" title="See all Themes, Essays, and Guides" data-brx-ls="template_sidebar_themes_all">See complete list</a>
                              </div>
                            </div><!-- .panel-body -->
                          </div><!-- .dcb-image-panel .dcb-panel .panel -->
                        </ul>
                        <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->

                      </div><!-- .collapse / #panelSpecialProjects -->
                    </li>
                  </ul><!-- .dcb-pills .nav-pills -->
                </nav>
                <!--END  nav RED-->

                <!-- nav SOCIAL 2 -->
                <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
                <div class="row" style="" id="sidebar-social-2">
                  <div class="col-md-12 share-this">
                    <div class="sharethis-inline-share-buttons st-center st-lang-en st-has-labels st-inline-share-buttons st-animated st-1">
                      <div class="st-btn st-first" data-network="facebook" style="display: inline-block;">
                        <img alt="facebook sharing button" src="/img/facebook.svg">
                        <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_facebook">Share</span>
                      </div><!-- .st-btn -->
                      <div class="st-btn st-last" data-network="twitter" style="display: inline-block;">
                        <img alt="twitter sharing button" src="/img/twitter.svg">
                        <span class="st-label" data-brx-ls="template_share_twitter">Tweet</span>
                      </div><!-- .st-btn -->
                    </div><!-- .sharethis-inline-share-buttons -->
                  </div><!-- .col-md-12 .share-this -->
                </div><!-- .row -->
                <!-- END nav SOCIAL 2 -->

              </ul>
            </nav>
          </div>
        </div><!-- /#sidebar -->

        <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8 col-lg-9 col-xl-10 content-area" id="content-area">
          <!-- page-content used when bio not published and non-bio pages -->
          <!-- insert#page-content 0 Element 240 used by non-bio pages -->

      <div class="container-fluid">
        <div id="related-bios" class="col-xs-12">
          <h1>Reciprocity Treaty of 1854</h1>
          <p>The Reciprocity Treaty of 1854 opened up a large American market to Canadians. Such access was becoming increasingly important for the flow of natural resources as imperial free-trade policies destroyed the colony’s protected position. Canada had hoped to renew reciprocity, which was set to expire in 1866,  but was unsuccessful. The abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty and the subsequent closing of the American market gave rise to a Canadian business crisis.</p>
        </div>

        <div id="related-bios" class="related-pages col-xs-12 col-md-6">
          <h2>Related Biographies</h2>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/andrews_israel_de_wolfe_10E.html" title="ANDREWS, ISRAEL DE WOLFE"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/andrews_israel_de_wolfe_10E.html" title="ANDREWS, ISRAEL DE WOLFE">ANDREWS, ISRAEL DE WOLFE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/archibald_edward_mortimer_11E.html" title="ARCHIBALD, Sir EDWARD MORTIMER"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4450.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/archibald_edward_mortimer_11E.html" title="ARCHIBALD, Sir EDWARD MORTIMER">ARCHIBALD, Sir EDWARD MORTIMER</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/arthur_george_8E.html" title="ARTHUR, Sir GEORGE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.8393.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/arthur_george_8E.html" title="ARTHUR, Sir GEORGE">ARTHUR, Sir GEORGE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/baldwin_connell_james_9E.html" title="BALDWIN, CONNELL JAMES"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/baldwin_connell_james_9E.html" title="BALDWIN, CONNELL JAMES">BALDWIN, CONNELL JAMES</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/bellingham_sydney_robert_12E.html" title="BELLINGHAM, SYDNEY ROBERT"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/bellingham_sydney_robert_12E.html" title="BELLINGHAM, SYDNEY ROBERT">BELLINGHAM, SYDNEY ROBERT</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/boucher_de_la_bruere_pierre_claude_10E.html" title="BOUCHER DE LA BRU&Egrave;RE, PIERRE-CLAUDE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4082.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/boucher_de_la_bruere_pierre_claude_10E.html" title="BOUCHER DE LA BRU&Egrave;RE, PIERRE-CLAUDE">BOUCHER DE LA BRUÈRE, PIERRE-CLAUDE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/boucher_belleville_jean_baptiste_10E.html" title="BOUCHER-BELLEVILLE, JEAN-BAPTISTE (Jean-Philippe)"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4081.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/boucher_belleville_jean_baptiste_10E.html" title="BOUCHER-BELLEVILLE, JEAN-BAPTISTE (Jean-Philippe)">BOUCHER-BELLEVILLE, JEAN-BAPTISTE (Jean-Philippe)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/boutillier_thomas_9E.html" title="BOUTILLIER (Bouthillier), THOMAS"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/boutillier_thomas_9E.html" title="BOUTILLIER (Bouthillier), THOMAS">BOUTILLIER (Bouthillier), THOMAS</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/bronson_henry_franklin_11E.html" title="BRONSON, HENRY FRANKLIN"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4496.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/bronson_henry_franklin_11E.html" title="BRONSON, HENRY FRANKLIN">BRONSON, HENRY FRANKLIN</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/brown_george_10E.html" title="BROWN, GEORGE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.202.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/brown_george_10E.html" title="BROWN, GEORGE">BROWN, GEORGE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/bruce_james_9E.html" title="BRUCE, JAMES, 8th Earl of ELGIN and 12th Earl of KINCARDINE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.3815.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/bruce_james_9E.html" title="BRUCE, JAMES, 8th Earl of ELGIN and 12th Earl of KINCARDINE">BRUCE, JAMES, 8th Earl of ELGIN and 12th Earl of KINCARDINE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/buller_charles_7E.html" title="BULLER, CHARLES"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.9747.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/buller_charles_7E.html" title="BULLER, CHARLES">BULLER, CHARLES</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/carmichael_james_william_13E.html" title="CARMICHAEL, JAMES WILLIAM"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.5957.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/carmichael_james_william_13E.html" title="CARMICHAEL, JAMES WILLIAM">CARMICHAEL, JAMES WILLIAM</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/carrier_michel_8E.html" title="CARRIER, MICHEL"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/carrier_michel_8E.html" title="CARRIER, MICHEL">CARRIER, MICHEL</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/chandler_edward_barron_10E.html" title="CHANDLER, EDWARD BARRON"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.10407.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/chandler_edward_barron_10E.html" title="CHANDLER, EDWARD BARRON">CHANDLER, EDWARD BARRON</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/chandler_kenelm_conor_7E.html" title="CHANDLER, KENELM CONOR"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/chandler_kenelm_conor_7E.html" title="CHANDLER, KENELM CONOR">CHANDLER, KENELM CONOR</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/chasseur_pierre_7E.html" title="CHASSEUR, PIERRE"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/chasseur_pierre_7E.html" title="CHASSEUR, PIERRE">CHASSEUR, PIERRE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/chubb_henry_8E.html" title="CHUBB, HENRY"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/chubb_henry_8E.html" title="CHUBB, HENRY">CHUBB, HENRY</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/colborne_john_9E.html" title="COLBORNE, JOHN, 1st Baron SEATON"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.3826.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/colborne_john_9E.html" title="COLBORNE, JOHN, 1st Baron SEATON">COLBORNE, JOHN, 1st Baron SEATON</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/coursol_charles_joseph_11E.html" title="COURSOL, CHARLES-JOSEPH (baptized Michel-Joseph-Charles)"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4573.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/coursol_charles_joseph_11E.html" title="COURSOL, CHARLES-JOSEPH (baptized Michel-Joseph-Charles)">COURSOL, CHARLES-JOSEPH (baptized Michel-Joseph-Charles)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/daly_dominick_9E.html" title="DALY, Sir DOMINICK"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.3834.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/daly_dominick_9E.html" title="DALY, Sir DOMINICK">DALY, Sir DOMINICK</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/darling_charles_henry_9E.html" title="DARLING, Sir CHARLES HENRY"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.3836.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/darling_charles_henry_9E.html" title="DARLING, Sir CHARLES HENRY">DARLING, Sir CHARLES HENRY</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/davies_william_15E.html" title="DAVIES, WILLIAM"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.14388.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/davies_william_15E.html" title="DAVIES, WILLIAM">DAVIES, WILLIAM</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/desjardins_francois_xavier_9E.html" title="DESJARDINS, FRAN&Ccedil;OIS-XAVIER"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.2089.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/desjardins_francois_xavier_9E.html" title="DESJARDINS, FRAN&Ccedil;OIS-XAVIER">DESJARDINS, FRANÇOIS-XAVIER</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/dickson_samuel_9E.html" title="DICKSON, SAMUEL"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/dickson_samuel_9E.html" title="DICKSON, SAMUEL">DICKSON, SAMUEL</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/donegani_john_anthony_9E.html" title="DONEGANI, JOHN ANTHONY (baptized Jean-Antoine)"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/donegani_john_anthony_9E.html" title="DONEGANI, JOHN ANTHONY (baptized Jean-Antoine)">DONEGANI, JOHN ANTHONY (baptized Jean-Antoine)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/dumouchelle_jean_baptiste_7E.html" title="DUMOUCHELLE (Dumouchel), JEAN-BAPTISTE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.8066.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/dumouchelle_jean_baptiste_7E.html" title="DUMOUCHELLE (Dumouchel), JEAN-BAPTISTE">DUMOUCHELLE (Dumouchel), JEAN-BAPTISTE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/duvernay_ludger_8E.html" title="DUVERNAY, LUDGER (baptized Joseph-Ludger)"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.9129.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/duvernay_ludger_8E.html" title="DUVERNAY, LUDGER (baptized Joseph-Ludger)">DUVERNAY, LUDGER (baptized Joseph-Ludger)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/eddy_ezra_butler_13E.html" title="EDDY, EZRA BUTLER"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.6079.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/eddy_ezra_butler_13E.html" title="EDDY, EZRA BUTLER">EDDY, EZRA BUTLER</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/fabre_hector_13E.html" title="FABRE, HECTOR (baptized Louis-Roch-Hector)"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.6087.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/fabre_hector_13E.html" title="FABRE, HECTOR (baptized Louis-Roch-Hector)">FABRE, HECTOR (baptized Louis-Roch-Hector)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/fabre_edouard_raymond_8E.html" title="FABRE, &Eacute;DOUARD-RAYMOND (baptized Raymond)"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.8449.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/fabre_edouard_raymond_8E.html" title="FABRE, &Eacute;DOUARD-RAYMOND (baptized Raymond)">FABRE, ÉDOUARD-RAYMOND (baptized Raymond)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/fiset_louis_9E.html" title="FISET, LOUIS"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/fiset_louis_9E.html" title="FISET, LOUIS">FISET, LOUIS</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/galt_alexander_tilloch_12E.html" title="GALT, Sir ALEXANDER TILLOCH"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.452.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/galt_alexander_tilloch_12E.html" title="GALT, Sir ALEXANDER TILLOCH">GALT, Sir ALEXANDER TILLOCH</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/garneau_francois_xavier_9E.html" title="GARNEAU, FRAN&Ccedil;OIS-XAVIER"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.9246.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/garneau_francois_xavier_9E.html" title="GARNEAU, FRAN&Ccedil;OIS-XAVIER">GARNEAU, FRANÇOIS-XAVIER</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/gilmour_allan_1816_95_12E.html" title="GILMOUR, ALLAN (1816-95)"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/gilmour_allan_1816_95_12E.html" title="GILMOUR, ALLAN (1816-95)">GILMOUR, ALLAN (1816-95)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/globensky_maximilien_9E.html" title="GLOBENSKY, MAXIMILIEN"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.3879.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/globensky_maximilien_9E.html" title="GLOBENSKY, MAXIMILIEN">GLOBENSKY, MAXIMILIEN</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/gosselin_leon_7E.html" title="GOSSELIN, L&Eacute;ON"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/gosselin_leon_7E.html" title="GOSSELIN, L&Eacute;ON">GOSSELIN, LÉON</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/gowan_ogle_robert_10E.html" title="GOWAN, OGLE ROBERT"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.13088.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/gowan_ogle_robert_10E.html" title="GOWAN, OGLE ROBERT">GOWAN, OGLE ROBERT</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/grant_thomas_hunter_14E.html" title="GRANT, THOMAS HUNTER"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/grant_thomas_hunter_14E.html" title="GRANT, THOMAS HUNTER">GRANT, THOMAS HUNTER</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/gray_john_hamilton_1814_89_11E.html" title="GRAY, JOHN HAMILTON (1814-89)"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.10274.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/gray_john_hamilton_1814_89_11E.html" title="GRAY, JOHN HAMILTON (1814-89)">GRAY, JOHN HAMILTON (1814-89)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/gugy_bartholomew_conrad_augustus_10E.html" title="GUGY, BARTHOLOMEW CONRAD AUGUSTUS"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4217.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/gugy_bartholomew_conrad_augustus_10E.html" title="GUGY, BARTHOLOMEW CONRAD AUGUSTUS">GUGY, BARTHOLOMEW CONRAD AUGUSTUS</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/hall_george_benson_1810_76_10E.html" title="HALL, GEORGE BENSON (1810-76)"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/hall_george_benson_1810_76_10E.html" title="HALL, GEORGE BENSON (1810-76)">HALL, GEORGE BENSON (1810-76)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/hart_adolphus_mordecai_10E.html" title="HART, ADOLPHUS MORDECAI"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.14846.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/hart_adolphus_mordecai_10E.html" title="HART, ADOLPHUS MORDECAI">HART, ADOLPHUS MORDECAI</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/haviland_thomas_heath_1822_95_12E.html" title="HAVILAND, THOMAS HEATH (1822-95)"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4312.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/haviland_thomas_heath_1822_95_12E.html" title="HAVILAND, THOMAS HEATH (1822-95)">HAVILAND, THOMAS HEATH (1822-95)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/haythorne_robert_poore_12E.html" title="HAYTHORNE, ROBERT POORE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.5323.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/haythorne_robert_poore_12E.html" title="HAYTHORNE, ROBERT POORE">HAYTHORNE, ROBERT POORE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/head_edmund_walker_9E.html" title="HEAD, Sir EDMUND WALKER"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.3899.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/head_edmund_walker_9E.html" title="HEAD, Sir EDMUND WALKER">HEAD, Sir EDMUND WALKER</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/henry_william_alexander_11E.html" title="HENRY, WILLIAM ALEXANDER"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.13686.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/henry_william_alexander_11E.html" title="HENRY, WILLIAM ALEXANDER">HENRY, WILLIAM ALEXANDER</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/hincks_francis_11E.html" title="HINCKS, Sir FRANCIS"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.10355.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/hincks_francis_11E.html" title="HINCKS, Sir FRANCIS">HINCKS, Sir FRANCIS</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/hogan_john_sheridan_8E.html" title="HOGAN, JOHN SHERIDAN"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.14703.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/hogan_john_sheridan_8E.html" title="HOGAN, JOHN SHERIDAN">HOGAN, JOHN SHERIDAN</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/holl_john_myrie_9E.html" title="HOLL, JOHN MYRIE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.12158.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/holl_john_myrie_9E.html" title="HOLL, JOHN MYRIE">HOLL, JOHN MYRIE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/holman_robert_tinson_13E.html" title="HOLMAN, ROBERT TINSON"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.5950.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/holman_robert_tinson_13E.html" title="HOLMAN, ROBERT TINSON">HOLMAN, ROBERT TINSON</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/holmes_benjamin_9E.html" title="HOLMES, BENJAMIN"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/holmes_benjamin_9E.html" title="HOLMES, BENJAMIN">HOLMES, BENJAMIN</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/howe_joseph_10E.html" title="HOWE, JOSEPH"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.490.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/howe_joseph_10E.html" title="HOWE, JOSEPH">HOWE, JOSEPH</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/howlan_george_william_13E.html" title="HOWLAN, GEORGE WILLIAM"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.6181.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/howlan_george_william_13E.html" title="HOWLAN, GEORGE WILLIAM">HOWLAN, GEORGE WILLIAM</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/howland_william_pearce_13E.html" title="HOWLAND, Sir WILLIAM PEARCE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.6180.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/howland_william_pearce_13E.html" title="HOWLAND, Sir WILLIAM PEARCE">HOWLAND, Sir WILLIAM PEARCE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/hudon_victor_12E.html" title="HUDON, VICTOR"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.5352.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/hudon_victor_12E.html" title="HUDON, VICTOR">HUDON, VICTOR</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/johnston_james_william_10E.html" title="JOHNSTON (Johnstone), JAMES WILLIAM"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.14927.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/johnston_james_william_10E.html" title="JOHNSTON (Johnstone), JAMES WILLIAM">JOHNSTON (Johnstone), JAMES WILLIAM</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/keefer_thomas_coltrin_14E.html" title="KEEFER, THOMAS COLTRIN"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.6808.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/keefer_thomas_coltrin_14E.html" title="KEEFER, THOMAS COLTRIN">KEEFER, THOMAS COLTRIN</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/ketchum_jesse_9E.html" title="KETCHUM, JESSE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.3917.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/ketchum_jesse_9E.html" title="KETCHUM, JESSE">KETCHUM, JESSE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/killam_thomas_9E.html" title="KILLAM, THOMAS"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.15315.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/killam_thomas_9E.html" title="KILLAM, THOMAS">KILLAM, THOMAS</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/kingsford_william_12E.html" title="KINGSFORD, WILLIAM"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.5393.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/kingsford_william_12E.html" title="KINGSFORD, WILLIAM">KINGSFORD, WILLIAM</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/la_rocque_charles_10E.html" title="LA ROCQUE (Larocque), CHARLES"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4258.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/la_rocque_charles_10E.html" title="LA ROCQUE (Larocque), CHARLES">LA ROCQUE (Larocque), CHARLES</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/lacoste_louis_10E.html" title="LACOSTE, LOUIS"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4255.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/lacoste_louis_10E.html" title="LACOSTE, LOUIS">LACOSTE, LOUIS</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/lambton_john_george_7E.html" title="LAMBTON, JOHN GEORGE, 1st Earl of DURHAM"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.651.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/lambton_john_george_7E.html" title="LAMBTON, JOHN GEORGE, 1st Earl of DURHAM">LAMBTON, JOHN GEORGE, 1st Earl of DURHAM</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/leblanc_charles_andre_10E.html" title="LEBLANC, CHARLES-ANDR&Eacute;"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4259.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/leblanc_charles_andre_10E.html" title="LEBLANC, CHARLES-ANDR&Eacute;">LEBLANC, CHARLES-ANDRÉ</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/leclere_pierre_edouard_9E.html" title="LECL&Egrave;RE (Leclerc), PIERRE-&Eacute;DOUARD"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.15065.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/leclere_pierre_edouard_9E.html" title="LECL&Egrave;RE (Leclerc), PIERRE-&Eacute;DOUARD">LECLÈRE (Leclerc), PIERRE-ÉDOUARD</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/little_james_11E.html" title="LITTLE, JAMES"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.14631.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/little_james_11E.html" title="LITTLE, JAMES">LITTLE, JAMES</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/little_philip_francis_12E.html" title="LITTLE, PHILIP FRANCIS"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.12353.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/little_philip_francis_12E.html" title="LITTLE, PHILIP FRANCIS">LITTLE, PHILIP FRANCIS</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/lloyd_jesse_7E.html" title="LLOYD, JESSE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.8183.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/lloyd_jesse_7E.html" title="LLOYD, JESSE">LLOYD, JESSE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/longworth_john_11E.html" title="LONGWORTH, JOHN"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/longworth_john_11E.html" title="LONGWORTH, JOHN">LONGWORTH, JOHN</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/lorimier_chevalier_de_7E.html" title="LORIMIER, CHEVALIER DE (baptized Fran&ccedil;ois-Marie-Thomas) (Fran&ccedil;ois-Marie-Thomas-Chevalier de Lorimier)"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.3648.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/lorimier_chevalier_de_7E.html" title="LORIMIER, CHEVALIER DE (baptized Fran&ccedil;ois-Marie-Thomas) (Fran&ccedil;ois-Marie-Thomas-Chevalier de Lorimier)">LORIMIER, CHEVALIER DE (baptized François-Marie-Thomas) (François-Marie-Thomas-Chevalier de Lorimier)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/levesque_charles_francois_8E.html" title="L&Eacute;VESQUE, CHARLES-FRAN&Ccedil;OIS"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.8491.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/levesque_charles_francois_8E.html" title="L&Eacute;VESQUE, CHARLES-FRAN&Ccedil;OIS">LÉVESQUE, CHARLES-FRANÇOIS</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/macdonald_john_alexander_12E.html" title="MACDONALD, Sir JOHN ALEXANDER"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.697.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/macdonald_john_alexander_12E.html" title="MACDONALD, Sir JOHN ALEXANDER">MACDONALD, Sir JOHN ALEXANDER</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/mackenzie_william_lyon_9E.html" title="MACKENZIE (McKenzie, MacKenzie), WILLIAM LYON"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.1178.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/mackenzie_william_lyon_9E.html" title="MACKENZIE (McKenzie, MacKenzie), WILLIAM LYON">MACKENZIE (McKenzie, MacKenzie), WILLIAM LYON</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/mackenzie_alexander_12E.html" title="MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.710.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/mackenzie_alexander_12E.html" title="MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER">MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/malcolm_eliakim_10E.html" title="MALCOLM, ELIAKIM"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/malcolm_eliakim_10E.html" title="MALCOLM, ELIAKIM">MALCOLM, ELIAKIM</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/manners_sutton_john_henry_thomas_10E.html" title="MANNERS-SUTTON, JOHN HENRY THOMAS, 3rd Viscount CANTERBURY"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.9788.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/manners_sutton_john_henry_thomas_10E.html" title="MANNERS-SUTTON, JOHN HENRY THOMAS, 3rd Viscount CANTERBURY">MANNERS-SUTTON, JOHN HENRY THOMAS, 3rd Viscount CANTERBURY</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/marshall_john_joseph_9E.html" title="MARSHALL, JOHN JOSEPH"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/marshall_john_joseph_9E.html" title="MARSHALL, JOHN JOSEPH">MARSHALL, JOHN JOSEPH</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/matthews_wilmot_deloui_14E.html" title="MATTHEWS, WILMOT DELOUI"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.12000.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/matthews_wilmot_deloui_14E.html" title="MATTHEWS, WILMOT DELOUI">MATTHEWS, WILMOT DELOUI</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/merritt_william_hamilton_1793_1862_9E.html" title="MERRITT, WILLIAM HAMILTON (1793-1862)"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.9250.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/merritt_william_hamilton_1793_1862_9E.html" title="MERRITT, WILLIAM HAMILTON (1793-1862)">MERRITT, WILLIAM HAMILTON (1793-1862)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/mitchell_peter_12E.html" title="MITCHELL, PETER"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.8776.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/mitchell_peter_12E.html" title="MITCHELL, PETER">MITCHELL, PETER</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/mondelet_dominique_1799_1863_9E.html" title="MONDELET, DOMINIQUE (1799-1863)"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.3985.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/mondelet_dominique_1799_1863_9E.html" title="MONDELET, DOMINIQUE (1799-1863)">MONDELET, DOMINIQUE (1799-1863)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/moore_philip_henry_10E.html" title="MOORE, PHILIP HENRY"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/moore_philip_henry_10E.html" title="MOORE, PHILIP HENRY">MOORE, PHILIP HENRY</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/moylan_james_george_13E.html" title="MOYLAN, JAMES GEORGE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.6313.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/moylan_james_george_13E.html" title="MOYLAN, JAMES GEORGE">MOYLAN, JAMES GEORGE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/macdonell_jean_francois_marie_joseph_9E.html" title="MacDONELL (McDonell), JEAN-FRAN&Ccedil;OIS-MARIE-JOSEPH (John MacDonell-B&eacute;lestre, John B&eacute;lestre-MacDonell)"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/macdonell_jean_francois_marie_joseph_9E.html" title="MacDONELL (McDonell), JEAN-FRAN&Ccedil;OIS-MARIE-JOSEPH (John MacDonell-B&eacute;lestre, John B&eacute;lestre-MacDonell)">MacDONELL (McDonell), JEAN-FRANÇOIS-MARIE-JOSEPH (John MacDonell-Bélestre, John Bélestre-MacDonell)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/macnab_allan_napier_9E.html" title="MacNAB, Sir ALLAN NAPIER"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.1314.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/macnab_allan_napier_9E.html" title="MacNAB, Sir ALLAN NAPIER">MacNAB, Sir ALLAN NAPIER</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/mcdougall_william_13E.html" title="McDOUGALL, WILLIAM"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.801.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/mcdougall_william_13E.html" title="McDOUGALL, WILLIAM">McDOUGALL, WILLIAM</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/neelon_sylvester_12E.html" title="NEELON, SYLVESTER"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/neelon_sylvester_12E.html" title="NEELON, SYLVESTER">NEELON, SYLVESTER</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/ogilvie_alexander_walker_13E.html" title="OGILVIE, ALEXANDER WALKER"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.6335.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/ogilvie_alexander_walker_13E.html" title="OGILVIE, ALEXANDER WALKER">OGILVIE, ALEXANDER WALKER</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/ostell_john_12E.html" title="OSTELL, JOHN"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.5638.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/ostell_john_12E.html" title="OSTELL, JOHN">OSTELL, JOHN</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/ouimet_andre_8E.html" title="OUIMET, ANDR&Eacute;"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.8526.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/ouimet_andre_8E.html" title="OUIMET, ANDR&Eacute;">OUIMET, ANDRÉ</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/panet_philippe_8E.html" title="PANET, PHILIPPE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.8633.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/panet_philippe_8E.html" title="PANET, PHILIPPE">PANET, PHILIPPE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/paquin_jacques_7E.html" title="PAQUIN, JACQUES"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.8317.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/paquin_jacques_7E.html" title="PAQUIN, JACQUES">PAQUIN, JACQUES</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/parent_etienne_10E.html" title="PARENT, &Eacute;TIENNE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.15075.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/parent_etienne_10E.html" title="PARENT, &Eacute;TIENNE">PARENT, ÉTIENNE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/perley_moses_henry_9E.html" title="PERLEY, MOSES HENRY"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.3724.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/perley_moses_henry_9E.html" title="PERLEY, MOSES HENRY">PERLEY, MOSES HENRY</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/perley_george_halsey_16E.html" title="PERLEY, Sir GEORGE HALSEY"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.1869.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/perley_george_halsey_16E.html" title="PERLEY, Sir GEORGE HALSEY">PERLEY, Sir GEORGE HALSEY</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/perley_william_goodhue_11E.html" title="PERLEY, WILLIAM GOODHUE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4953.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/perley_william_goodhue_11E.html" title="PERLEY, WILLIAM GOODHUE">PERLEY, WILLIAM GOODHUE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/pigeon_francois_xavier_7E.html" title="PIGEON, FRAN&Ccedil;OIS-XAVIER (baptized Fran&ccedil;ois)"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/pigeon_francois_xavier_7E.html" title="PIGEON, FRAN&Ccedil;OIS-XAVIER (baptized Fran&ccedil;ois)">PIGEON, FRANÇOIS-XAVIER (baptized François)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/powell_walker_14E.html" title="POWELL, WALKER"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.3066.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/powell_walker_14E.html" title="POWELL, WALKER">POWELL, WALKER</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/power_patrick_11E.html" title="POWER, PATRICK"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4978.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/power_patrick_11E.html" title="POWER, PATRICK">POWER, PATRICK</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/price_james_hervey_11E.html" title="PRICE, JAMES HERVEY"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4982.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/price_james_hervey_11E.html" title="PRICE, JAMES HERVEY">PRICE, JAMES HERVEY</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/ridout_thomas_gibbs_9E.html" title="RIDOUT, THOMAS GIBBS"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4010.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/ridout_thomas_gibbs_9E.html" title="RIDOUT, THOMAS GIBBS">RIDOUT, THOMAS GIBBS</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/ritchie_john_william_11E.html" title="RITCHIE, JOHN WILLIAM"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.10879.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/ritchie_john_william_11E.html" title="RITCHIE, JOHN WILLIAM">RITCHIE, JOHN WILLIAM</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/rodier_edouard_etienne_7E.html" title="RODIER, &Eacute;DOUARD-&Eacute;TIENNE (baptized &Eacute;tienne-&Eacute;douard)"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/rodier_edouard_etienne_7E.html" title="RODIER, &Eacute;DOUARD-&Eacute;TIENNE (baptized &Eacute;tienne-&Eacute;douard)">RODIER, ÉDOUARD-ÉTIENNE (baptized Étienne-Édouard)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/rolland_jean_roch_9E.html" title="ROLLAND, JEAN-ROCH"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4012.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/rolland_jean_roch_9E.html" title="ROLLAND, JEAN-ROCH">ROLLAND, JEAN-ROCH</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/rose_john_11E.html" title="ROSE, Sir JOHN"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.5025.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/rose_john_11E.html" title="ROSE, Sir JOHN">ROSE, Sir JOHN</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/ryan_john_b_9E.html" title="RYAN, JOHN"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/ryan_john_b_9E.html" title="RYAN, JOHN">RYAN, JOHN</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/scott_william_henry_8E.html" title="SCOTT, WILLIAM HENRY"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.8546.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/scott_william_henry_8E.html" title="SCOTT, WILLIAM HENRY">SCOTT, WILLIAM HENRY</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/senecal_louis_adelard_11E.html" title="SEN&Eacute;CAL (S&eacute;n&eacute;cal), LOUIS-AD&Eacute;LARD"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.1392.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/senecal_louis_adelard_11E.html" title="SEN&Eacute;CAL (S&eacute;n&eacute;cal), LOUIS-AD&Eacute;LARD">SENÉCAL (Sénécal), LOUIS-ADÉLARD</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/shea_ambrose_13E.html" title="SHEA, Sir AMBROSE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.6431.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/shea_ambrose_13E.html" title="SHEA, Sir AMBROSE">SHEA, Sir AMBROSE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/sherwood_levius_peters_7E.html" title="SHERWOOD, LEVIUS PETERS"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.8364.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/sherwood_levius_peters_7E.html" title="SHERWOOD, LEVIUS PETERS">SHERWOOD, LEVIUS PETERS</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/smith_albert_james_11E.html" title="SMITH, Sir ALBERT JAMES"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.2486.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/smith_albert_james_11E.html" title="SMITH, Sir ALBERT JAMES">SMITH, Sir ALBERT JAMES</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/stevenson_john_11E.html" title="STEVENSON, JOHN"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.5061.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/stevenson_john_11E.html" title="STEVENSON, JOHN">STEVENSON, JOHN</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/tache_etienne_paschal_9E.html" title="TACH&Eacute;, Sir &Eacute;TIENNE-PASCHAL"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.13931.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/tache_etienne_paschal_9E.html" title="TACH&Eacute;, Sir &Eacute;TIENNE-PASCHAL">TACHÉ, Sir ÉTIENNE-PASCHAL</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/taylor_james_wickes_12E.html" title="TAYLOR, JAMES WICKES"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.10621.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/taylor_james_wickes_12E.html" title="TAYLOR, JAMES WICKES">TAYLOR, JAMES WICKES</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/thorburn_robert_13E.html" title="THORBURN, Sir ROBERT"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.6472.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/thorburn_robert_13E.html" title="THORBURN, Sir ROBERT">THORBURN, Sir ROBERT</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/tupper_charles_14E.html" title="TUPPER, Sir CHARLES"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.1018.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/tupper_charles_14E.html" title="TUPPER, Sir CHARLES">TUPPER, Sir CHARLES</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/turcotte_joseph_edouard_9E.html" title="TURCOTTE, JOSEPH-&Eacute;DOUARD"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.2766.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/turcotte_joseph_edouard_9E.html" title="TURCOTTE, JOSEPH-&Eacute;DOUARD">TURCOTTE, JOSEPH-ÉDOUARD</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/viger_bonaventure_10E.html" title="VIGER, BONAVENTURE"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4420.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/viger_bonaventure_10E.html" title="VIGER, BONAVENTURE">VIGER, BONAVENTURE</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/walker_hiram_12E.html" title="WALKER, HIRAM"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.9261.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/walker_hiram_12E.html" title="WALKER, HIRAM">WALKER, HIRAM</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/watson_william_9E.html" title="WATSON, WILLIAM"><span><img src="/img/placeholder_dcb_w50.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/watson_william_9E.html" title="WATSON, WILLIAM">WATSON, WILLIAM</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/wier_benjamin_9E.html" title="WIER, BENJAMIN"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4040.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/wier_benjamin_9E.html" title="WIER, BENJAMIN">WIER, BENJAMIN</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/windham_charles_ash_9E.html" title="WINDHAM, Sir CHARLES ASH"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.8437.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/windham_charles_ash_9E.html" title="WINDHAM, Sir CHARLES ASH">WINDHAM, Sir CHARLES ASH</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/young_james_1835_1913_14E.html" title="YOUNG, JAMES (1835-1913)"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.7068.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/young_james_1835_1913_14E.html" title="YOUNG, JAMES (1835-1913)">YOUNG, JAMES (1835-1913)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/young_john_1811_78_10E.html" title="YOUNG, JOHN (1811-78)"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.4440.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/young_john_1811_78_10E.html" title="YOUNG, JOHN (1811-78)">YOUNG, JOHN (1811-78)</a>
          </div>

          <div class="related-item col-xs-12">
            <a href="/en/bio/young_william_11E.html" title="YOUNG, Sir WILLIAM"><span><img src="/bioimages/w50.14926.jpg"></span></a>
            <a href="/en/bio/young_william_11E.html" title="YOUNG, Sir WILLIAM">YOUNG, Sir WILLIAM</a>
          </div>

        </div>

        <div id="related-pages-internal" class="related-pages col-xs-12 col-sm-6">
          <h2>Other Resources</h2>
          <div class='related-item col-xs-12'>
            <a target="_blank" href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement' title='Canada&ndash;United States Free Trade Agreement - Wikipedia'><span><img src='/img/related-logos/logo-wiki-en_w50.png'></span></a>
            <a target="_blank" href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement' title='Canada&ndash;United States Free Trade Agreement - Wikipedia'>Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement - Wikipedia</a>
          </div>

          <div class='related-item col-xs-12'>
            <a target="_blank" href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_free-trade_agreements' title='United States free-trade agreements - Wikipedia'><span><img src='/img/related-logos/logo-wiki-en_w50.png'></span></a>
            <a target="_blank" href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_free-trade_agreements' title='United States free-trade agreements - Wikipedia'>United States free-trade agreements - Wikipedia</a>
          </div>


        </div>

      </div><!-- .container-fluid -->

          <!-- insert#page-content 1 Element 240 -->
          <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
          <section style="display:none;" id="summary" class="summary bio">
            <!-- insert#summary-paragraphs 0 Element 250 -->

            <!-- insert#summary-paragraphs 1 Element 250 -->
            <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
          </section>

          <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
          <section style="display:none;" id="first" class="bio">
            <!-- Element 260 family -->
            <div style="display:none;" class="pull-left inset-area" id="bio-primary-image">
              <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
              <div id="bio-main-image" class="image-container left w600">
                <!-- src#primary_image_href alt#primary_alt title#primary_description element 260 261 262 -->
                <a class="open-gallery" href="javascript:void()"><img class="img-responsive" src="" alt="" title=""></a>
                <!-- insert#primary_source_link 0 element 263 -->
                
                <!-- insert#primary_source_link 1 element 263 -->
              </div>
            </div>

                <!-- insert#bio-paragraphs 0 element 270 -->

                <!-- insert#bio-paragraphs 1 element 270 -->

            <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
          </section>

          <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
          <section style="display:none;" id="second" class="biblio">

                <!-- insert#biblio-paragraphs 0 280 -->

                <!-- insert#biblio-paragraphs 1 280 -->

            <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->

            <!-- insert#general-bibliography 0 element 290 -->
            
            <!-- insert#general-bibliography 1 -->

            <!-- insert#copyright 0 element 300 -->
            
            <!-- insert#copyright 0 -->

          </section>
          <!--END BIBLIOGRAPHY-->

          <!-- jtk 7-apr-2019 reader-mode -->

          <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
          <div style="display:none;" class="container-fluid reader-mode" id="bottom-content">
            <div class="row">
            </div>
            <!-- .row -->

            <!-- element 550 section-* tags -->
            <div style="display:none;" id="content-image-gallery" class="row">
              <div id="image-gallery" class="col-xs-12 col-theme-white">
                <h2 data-brx-ls="template_bio_image_gallery">Image Gallery</h2>
                <!-- ContainerBioGalleryTiles startControl -->
                <div class="container-fluid">
                  <!-- LIGHTBOX CAPTIONS -->

                  <!-- insert#bio-images-captions 0 element 310 -->

                  <!-- insert#bio-images-captions 1 element 310 -->

                  <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->

                  <!-- LIGHTBOX DATA -->
                  <!--CAPTIONS METHODS-->
                  <div class="demo-gallery">
                    <ul id="captions" class="list-unstyled row">
                      <!-- insert#bio-images-data 0 element 311 -->

                      <!-- insert#bio-images-data 1 element 311 -->
                      <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
                    </ul>
                  </div><!-- demo-gallery -->
                </div><!-- .container-fluid -->
                <!-- ContainerBioGalleryTiles endControl -->
              </div>
            </div><!-- .row -->

            <div class="row">
              <div id="citations" class="column-section col-theme-white col-xs-12">
                <!-- insert#bio-citation 0 Element 320 -->

                <!-- insert#bio-citation 1 Element 320 -->
              </div>
            </div>
            <!-- {{example:0}} --><!-- {{example:1}} -->
          </div><!--END bottom-content -->
        </div><!-- /#content-area -->
      </div><!-- /.container-fluid -->
    </div> <!-- row->mainrow -->
    <a id="button" data-brx-ls="template_return_to_top" title="Return to Top of Page"></a>
  </div><!-- /#bootstrap-wrapper -->

  <!-- insert#footer 0 Element 400 -->

    <footer>

			<div class="container">
				<div class="row">
					<div class="col-md-4">
						<div class="row">
						    <!-- jtk-footer-4-apr added target -->
							<div class="col-md-8 ut_laval"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.utoronto.ca/"><img class="img-responsive" src="/img/uoft3.svg"></a>
								<a target="_blank" href="https://www2.ulaval.ca/en/"><img class="img-responsive" src="/img/laval.svg"></a>
							</div>
						    <!-- jtk-footer-4-apr added target -->
							<div class="col-md-4 cmh"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.historymuseum.ca/"><img class="img-responsive" src="/img/cmh-logo.svg"></a>
							</div>
						</div>
					</div>

					<div class="col-md-4">
						<div class="row">
							<div class="col-md-6 cmh-text-left">
								We acknowledge the financial support of the Canadian Museum of History through the Online Works of Reference Program funded by the  Government of Canada.
							</div>
							<div class="col-md-6 cmh-text-right">
								Nous reconnaissons l'aide financière du Musée canadien de  l'histoire à travers les œuvres du programme de référence en ligne  financés par le gouvernement du Canada.
							</div>
						</div>
					</div>


					<!--FEBRUARY 7 2024 -->

					<div class="col-md-4">
						<div class="row">
						    <!-- jtk-footer-4-apr added target -->

							<div class="row chc-full">

								<div class="col-md-12"> <a href="https://www.canada.ca/home.html"><img class="img-responsive" src="/img/govCan.svg"></a>
								</div>

	  							<div class="col-md-12">
	  								<p>We acknowledge the support of the Government of Canada.</p>
	  									<hr class="chc-full">
	  								<p>Nous reconnaissons l’appui du gouvernement du Canada.</p>
								</div>


							</div>
						</div>
					</div>

					<!--END FEBRUARY 7 2024 -->


				</div><!--END ROW-->

				<article id="involved">
					<div class="col-md-12">
						<p><span>© 2003-2025 University of Toronto/Université Laval</span></p>
						<p><a href="/en/contact_us_corrections.php" title="Suggest corrections or additions">Suggest corrections or additions</a></p>
						<p><a href="/en/notices.html" title="Terms governing use of website and the collection and use of personal information">Important Notices</a></p>
						<p><a href="/en/links.php" title="Links to related sites">Websites of Interest</a></p>
					</div>
				</article>
			</div>
    </footer>

  <!-- insert#footer 1 Element 400 -->

  <!-- was includes/login.php -->
  <div id="login-holder" class="dcb-dialog">
  </div>
  <div id="forgot-holder" class="dcb-dialog">
  </div>
  <div id="forgot-user-holder" class="dcb-dialog">
  </div>
  <div id="register-holder" class="dcb-dialog">
  </div>
  <div id="contact-holder" class="dcb-dialog">
  </div>
  <div id="choose-language" class="dcb-dialog">
  </div>
  <div id="change-holder" class="dcb-dialog">
  </div>
  <!-- was includes/msgbox.php -->
  <div style="display:none;" class="msgbox" id="msgbox">
    <div class="text"> 
    </div>
    <div class="twobuttons" id="msgbox_buttons">
      <a class="okay" href="javascript:void(0)">OK</a>
      <a class="cancel" href="javascript:void(0)">Cancel</a>
    </div>
    <div class="onebutton" id="msgbox_buttons_one">
      <a class="okay" href="javascript:void(0)">OK</a>
    </div>
  </div>
  <!--
  <div id="reader-mode-toast" class="alert alert-info"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-arrow-up"></span>Exit reader mode</div>
  -->
  <div id="reader-mode-exit">
    <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary reader-mode-exit" data-brx-ls="template_reader" title="Exit reader mode">Exit reader mode</button>
  </div>

  <!-- insert#show-keys 0 Element 500 -->
  
  <!-- insert#show-keys 1 Element 500 -->

    <!--
        Compiled and minified JavaScript for jquery, jquery-ui and bootstrap
        js load order: jquery.min.js, jquery-ui.js, bootstrap.min.js

        with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-jGsMH83oKe9asCpkOVkBnUrDDTp8wl+adkB2D+//JtlxO4SrLoJdhbOysIFQJloQFD+C4Fl1rMsQZF76JjV0eQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

        with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.js" integrity="sha512-uto9mlQzrs59VwILcLiRYeLKPPbS/bT71da/OEBYEwcdNUk8jYIy+D176RYoop1Da+f9mvkYrmj5MCLZWEtQuA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

        with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-easing/1.3/jquery.easing.min.js" integrity="sha512-ahmSZKApTDNd3gVuqL5TQ3MBTj8tL5p2tYV05Xxzcfu6/ecvt1A0j6tfudSGBVuteSoTRMqMljbfdU0g2eDNUA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

        replace bootstrap.min.js
        with <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
    -->
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-jGsMH83oKe9asCpkOVkBnUrDDTp8wl+adkB2D+//JtlxO4SrLoJdhbOysIFQJloQFD+C4Fl1rMsQZF76JjV0eQ==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.js" integrity="sha512-uto9mlQzrs59VwILcLiRYeLKPPbS/bT71da/OEBYEwcdNUk8jYIy+D176RYoop1Da+f9mvkYrmj5MCLZWEtQuA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery-easing/1.3/jquery.easing.min.js" integrity="sha512-ahmSZKApTDNd3gVuqL5TQ3MBTj8tL5p2tYV05Xxzcfu6/ecvt1A0j6tfudSGBVuteSoTRMqMljbfdU0g2eDNUA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@3.4.1/dist/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>

    <!-- todo what is this
    <iframe id="pxcelframe" style="display: none;" src="t_.html"></iframe>
    <script async="" src="/js/5e1c80aec17cd7001217700d.js"></script>
    <script id="facebook-jssdk" src="/js/all_002.js"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/all.js"></script>
    -->

    <!-- add base javascript. required for all or most -->
    <!-- querystring#?time=#javascript_time Element 021 -->
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/js_strings.js?time=1729526934"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/modernizr-3.6.js?time=1729526934"></script>
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/shared-base.js?time=1729526934"></script>

    <!-- for all: jquery 3.3.7 -->
    <!-- why jtk-2020-01-a
    <iframe id="pxcelframe" style="display: none;" src="t_.html">
    </iframe>
    -->

    <!-- todo update google code -->
    <script type="text/javascript">
        var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www.");
        document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E"));
    </script>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        try {
            var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-25429501-1");
            pageTracker._trackPageview();
        } catch (err) {
        }
    </script>

    <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) -->
    <script async="None" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HJG3WCKTF7"></script>
    <script>
      window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];
      function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
      gtag('js', new Date());

      gtag('config', 'G-HJG3WCKTF7');
    </script>


    <script charset="utf-8" src="/js/button.js"></script>
    <!--
    <script charset="utf-8" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/owl.carousel.min.js"></script>
    -->
    <script charset="utf-8" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/OwlCarousel2/2.3.4/owl.carousel.min.js"></script>

    <!-- todo update facebook code -->
    <style type="text/css">.fb_hidden{position:absolute;top:-10000px;z-index:10001}.fb_reposition{overflow:hidden;position:relative}.fb_invisible{display:none}.fb_reset{background:none;border:0;border-spacing:0;color:#000;cursor:auto;direction:ltr;font-family:"lucida grande", tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif;font-size:11px;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1;margin:0;overflow:visible;padding:0;text-align:left;text-decoration:none;text-indent:0;text-shadow:none;text-transform:none;visibility:visible;white-space:normal;word-spacing:normal}.fb_reset>div{overflow:hidden}@keyframes fb_transform{from{opacity:0;transform:scale(.95)}to{opacity:1;transform:scale(1)}}.fb_animate{animation:fb_transform .3s forwards} .fb_dialog{background:rgba(82, 82, 82, .7);position:absolute;top:-10000px;z-index:10001}.fb_dialog_advanced{border-radius:8px;padding:10px}.fb_dialog_content{background:#fff;color:#373737}.fb_dialog_close_icon{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 0 transparent;cursor:pointer;display:block;height:15px;position:absolute;right:18px;top:17px;width:15px}.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{left:5px;right:auto;top:5px}.fb_dialog_padding{background-color:transparent;position:absolute;width:1px;z-index:-1}.fb_dialog_close_icon:hover{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 -15px transparent}.fb_dialog_close_icon:active{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yq/r/IE9JII6Z1Ys.png) no-repeat scroll 0 -30px transparent}.fb_dialog_iframe{line-height:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title{background:#6d84b4;border:1px solid #365899;color:#fff;font-size:14px;font-weight:bold;margin:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_title>span{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yd/r/Cou7n-nqK52.gif) no-repeat 5px 50%;float:left;padding:5px 0 7px 26px}body.fb_hidden{height:100%;left:0;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:absolute;top:-10000px;transform:none;width:100%}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/ya/r/3rhSv5V8j3o.gif) white no-repeat 50% 50%;min-height:100%;min-width:100%;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;top:0;z-index:10001}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered{background:none;height:auto;min-height:initial;min-width:initial;width:auto}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_spinner{width:100%}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading.centered .fb_dialog_content{background:none}.loading.centered #fb_dialog_loader_close{clear:both;color:#fff;display:block;font-size:18px;padding-top:20px}#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay{background:rgba(0, 0, 0, .4);bottom:0;left:0;min-height:100%;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:100%;z-index:10000}#fb-root #fb_dialog_ipad_overlay.hidden{display:none}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile.loading iframe{visibility:hidden}.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_iframe{position:sticky;top:0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header{background:linear-gradient(from(#738aba), to(#2c4987));border-bottom:1px solid;border-color:#1d3c78;box-shadow:white 0 1px 1px -1px inset;color:#fff;font:bold 14px Helvetica, sans-serif;text-overflow:ellipsis;text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0;vertical-align:middle;white-space:nowrap}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header table{height:43px;width:100%}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_left{font-size:12px;padding-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:60px}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header td.header_right{font-size:12px;padding-right:5px;vertical-align:middle;width:60px}.fb_dialog_content .touchable_button{background:linear-gradient(from(#4267B2), to(#2a4887));background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #29487d;border-radius:3px;display:inline-block;line-height:18px;margin-top:3px;max-width:85px;padding:4px 12px;position:relative}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .touchable_button input{background:none;border:none;color:#fff;font:bold 12px Helvetica, sans-serif;margin:2px -12px;padding:2px 6px 3px 6px;text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_header .header_center{color:#fff;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;line-height:18px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_content{background:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/y9/r/jKEcVPZFk-2.gif) no-repeat 50% 50%;border:1px solid #4a4a4a;border-bottom:0;border-top:0;height:150px}.fb_dialog_content .dialog_footer{background:#f5f6f7;border:1px solid #4a4a4a;border-top-color:#ccc;height:40px}#fb_dialog_loader_close{float:left}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_button{text-shadow:rgba(0, 30, 84, .296875) 0 -1px 0}.fb_dialog.fb_dialog_mobile .fb_dialog_close_icon{visibility:hidden}#fb_dialog_loader_spinner{animation:rotateSpinner 1.2s linear infinite;background-color:transparent;background-image:url(https://static.xx.fbcdn.net/rsrc.php/v3/yD/r/t-wz8gw1xG1.png);background-position:50% 50%;background-repeat:no-repeat;height:24px;width:24px}@keyframes rotateSpinner{0%{transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{transform:rotate(360deg)}} .fb_iframe_widget{display:inline-block;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget span{display:inline-block;position:relative;text-align:justify}.fb_iframe_widget iframe{position:absolute}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop span,.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{max-width:100%}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe{min-width:220px;position:relative}.fb_iframe_widget_lift{z-index:1}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid{display:inline}.fb_iframe_widget_fluid span{width:100%}</style>

    <!-- SHARE THIS-->

    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/share-this.js" integrity="sha512-YQH3AWzoNd5UBgAzelMJ0L74JzsE1RfD7zrTDfveB5Xm5j9PBCU+Q2tD4RavX2iVVAt4iJ/gi1mSRCbX/X55pw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/sharers/email.min.js" integrity="sha512-4+h27jVJhdlqWwk0hvKQX2Ow5TYcyRWaYwj5hhDem63JbmslVJHqJu29zQN/ZRM/Dbg4qi9nbbx6wRwmf/S2Yw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/sharers/facebook.min.js" integrity="sha512-Wh1ZDYa/KLkn2iK8a0D4FoZSqXbw1bRFCPjVs490MpcMFs1zHtMQMpqBVAqheGpRFLcGEMy/jnFmFx+6rbGJzw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
    <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/share-this/1.3.1/sharers/twitter.min.js" integrity="sha512-p0d6Rkeb1XLqCBlKVz7aF+UQNu4tGmAxT5NjJPYasGU8KmXvL8iEd8j/cvuJbqYK3HnVJqmf4ulWZvLx+2a4Fw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

    <!-- insert#share-this-link 0 element 044 (moved from header) -->
    
    <!-- insert#share-this-link 1 element 044 (moved from header) -->

    <!-- src#page_script_src, page-specific script. Element 031 (moved from header to here) -->
    <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/public_page_topics_match_list.js?time=1729526934"></script>

    <!-- #insert#page-scripts 0 Element 041 (moved from header to here) -->
    <script type="text/javascript">

        var m_languageId = '1';
        var m_title = "Reciprocity Treaty of 1854";
        var m_url_pch = 'http://www.pch.gc.ca/eng/1266037002102/1265993639778';
        var m_url_ut = 'http://www.utoronto.ca/';
        var m_url_ul = 'http://www2.ulaval.ca/en/';
        var m_loggedIn = '';

        // BasePublicHelper variables
        var m_pageId = 'public_page_topics_match_list';
        var m_pageIdIsUnique = '';


        $(document).ready(function() {

            // here:getJavascriptOnReady
            renderBreadcrumbs();
        });
    </script>

    <!-- #insert#page-scripts 1 Element 041 -->

<script>
  var affixSettings = {
    offset: {
      top: 100,
      bottom: function() {
        return (this.bottom = $('.footer').outerHeight(true))
      }
    }
  };

   $('#myAffix').affix(affixSettings);
</script>

<!--LIGHT GALLERY -->
<script src="/js/prettify.js"></script>


<!-- replaced <script src="/js/picturefill.js?id=<?=$version?>"></script>
     recent   <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/picturefill/3.0.3/picturefill.min.js" integrity="sha512-Nh/FthCqOFq56kGp1DsNb6GKK29iIv2ZJc7Fylln1WRrWpeE5LjSBWeAp61dkBASDxZT12aL9mZyIrhsAqgRpw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
     with     <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/picturefill/2.3.1/picturefill.min.js" integrity="sha512-O5Diz2AkqKWK7Lw4t8BnHF/47CLMPiGH9nT4A6U6+tZHCAq+jj3dA/Ngkc1LK3HmrThtjIemw5MtMrHwsV8tTg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
-->
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/picturefill/2.3.1/picturefill.min.js" integrity="sha512-O5Diz2AkqKWK7Lw4t8BnHF/47CLMPiGH9nT4A6U6+tZHCAq+jj3dA/Ngkc1LK3HmrThtjIemw5MtMrHwsV8tTg==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>


<!-- missing jtk-2020-01-a
<script src="/js/video.js?id=1001"></script>
-->
<script src="/js/transition.js"></script>

<!--
if link is replace locally on update. restore it to:
  with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lightgallery/1.6.12/js/lightgallery-all.js" integrity="sha512-ib6swbZG+2gcZ5gtx5NIi4enGrvMry+1bAJRXG2KlWr+3rPkB8sPUmzBuKZBPegm8pD1IiRsXbQ1XWd+5HSLbA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

-->
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lightgallery/1.6.12/js/lightgallery-all.js" integrity="sha512-ib6swbZG+2gcZ5gtx5NIi4enGrvMry+1bAJRXG2KlWr+3rPkB8sPUmzBuKZBPegm8pD1IiRsXbQ1XWd+5HSLbA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

<!--
  replace <script src="/js/lg-fullscreen.js?id=<?=$version?>"></script>
  with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lg-fullscreen/1.2.1/lg-fullscreen.min.js" integrity="sha512-GvMYZx1AUxtd+OYSc33H9DYX9qeT/OY90+O8kJ65cLXvSelNSgeytaxDV8bY58TeoZxz1HiqgAfpchczH7S8qA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
-->
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lg-fullscreen/1.2.1/lg-fullscreen.min.js" integrity="sha512-GvMYZx1AUxtd+OYSc33H9DYX9qeT/OY90+O8kJ65cLXvSelNSgeytaxDV8bY58TeoZxz1HiqgAfpchczH7S8qA==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

<!--
  replace <script src="/js/lg-autoplay.js?id=<?=$version?>"></script>
  with <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lg-autoplay/1.0.4/lg-autoplay.min.js" integrity="sha512-MzBa78b0IGK8BBiW2gMkSkruc9ppE9bQVBMqiFf1fcMNQ2mDuNJejZh/aWGDvhtPDpChaevAAI8WRCeHBlYqRw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>
-->
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lg-autoplay/1.0.4/lg-autoplay.min.js" integrity="sha512-MzBa78b0IGK8BBiW2gMkSkruc9ppE9bQVBMqiFf1fcMNQ2mDuNJejZh/aWGDvhtPDpChaevAAI8WRCeHBlYqRw==" crossorigin="anonymous" referrerpolicy="no-referrer"></script>

    <!-- insert#header-post-js 0 Element 043 -->

    <!-- insert#header-post-js 1 Element 043 -->

<!--
  replace <script src="/js/demos.js?id=<?=$version?>"></script>
  with nothing
  but if it turns out to be required with
-->


<!--BACK TO TOP -->


<!--
<div id="reader-mode-toast" class="alert alert-info"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-arrow-up"></span><?=$reader_caption?></div>
-->
<!-- Element 510 -->
<div id="reader-mode-exit"><button type="button" class="btn btn-primary reader-mode-exit">Exit reader mode</button></div>
<!--AFFIX-->
</body>
</html>